تأثیر نوع منبع کربوهیدراتی بر تخمیر شکمبه ای و عملکرد گاوهای شیرده هلشتاین تغذیه شده با جیره حاوی اوره آهسته‌رهش

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد تغذیه دام، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

2 استادیار، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران،

3 دانشیار، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

4 دانشجوی دکتری ، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: برای دستیابی به حداکثر تولید پروتئین میکروبی و بازده استفاده از پروتئین خوراک، فراهمی همزمان منابع کربوهیدرات و نیتروژن قابل تجزیه در شکمبه برای میکروارگانیسم‌های شکمبه امری ضروری است. هنگام استفاده از اوره به دلیل نرخ تجزیه‌پذیری شکمبه‌ای بسیار بالای آن برای دستیابی به حداکثر راندمان استفاده از مواد مغذی، تولید پروتئین میکروبی و بازده تخمیر باید از منابع کربوهیدراتی سریع‌التخمیر مانند قندهای محلول استفاده کرد. از طرفی، با توجه به نرخ آزادسازی کندتر نیتروژن در اوره آهسته‌رهش در مقایسه با اوره به نظر می‌رسد که نوع منبع کربوهیدراتی و نرخ تجزیه آن در هنگام استفاده از اوره آهسته رهش در تغذیه گاوهای شیرده باید مورد توجه قرار گیرد زیرا می‌تواند بر بازده استفاده از نیتروژن در شکمبه مؤثر باشد. بنابراین هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر نوع منبع کربوهیدراتی بر عملکرد گاوهای شیرده هلشتاین تغذیه شده با جیره حاوی اوره آهسته‌رهش بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی به‌صورت تکرار در زمان در سه دوره 21 روزه با استفاده از 9 رأس گاو شیرده هلشتاین (با میانگین وزن 50±650، شیر تولیدی 5/0±33 کیلو گرم و میانگین روزهای شیردهی25± 100 روز) انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: 1- جیره پایه حاوی نیتروزا (منبع اوره آهسته‌رهش، به عنوان شاهد)، 2- جیره پایه به‌علاوه 7/2 درصد ملاس به عنوان جایگزین دانه ذرت و 3- جیره پایه به‌علاوه 7/2 درصد دانه جو به عنوان جایگزین دانه ذرت بود. برای اندازه‌گیری فراسنجه‌های تخمیر شکمبه‌، در روز 21 هر دوره چهار ساعت پس از خوراک صبحگاهی از گاوها مایع شکمبه گرفته شد. قابلیت هضم ظاهری با استفاده از مارکر خاکستر نامحلول در اسید اندازه‌گیری شد. میزان شیر تولیدی به‌صورت روزانه ثبت و از شیر تولیدی هر دام در هر وعده برای اندازه‌گیری ترکیب شیر نمونه‌برداری شد. به منظور تعیین غلظت آلبومین، گلوکز، پروتئین کل، کلسترول، تری‌گلیسرید و نیتروژن اوره‌ای سرم خون در روز 21 هر دوره 4 ساعت پس از خوراک صبحگاهی از سیاهرگ دمی هر دام نمونه خون گرفته شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که افزودن ملاس و یا جو به عنوان جایگزین بخشی از دانه ذرت، تأثیر معنی‌داری بر مصرف خوراک و مواد مغذی (غیر از ماده آلی) نداشت. نسبت به تیمار شاهد جایگزین کردن ذرت با ملاس در جیره حاوی اوره آهسته‌رهش سبب افزایش میزان ماده آلی مصرفی شد (01/0>P). نتایج مقایسات مستقل نشان داد که افزودن ملاس و افزایش دانه جو در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد سبب کاهش مصرف الیاف نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی گردید، اما این کاهش در تیمار جو کمتر از تیمار ملاس بود (02/0>P). تیمارها اثر معنی‌داری بر قابلیت هضم ظاهری ماده خشک و مواد مغذی، pH مایع شکمبه‌، غلظت کل اسیدهای چرب فرار، نسبت مولی پروپیونات، بوتیرات، استات، والرات، ایزووالرات، نسبت استات به پروپیونات و نسبت اسیدهای چرب گلوکوژنیک به اسیدهای چرب غیر گلوکوژنیک نداشتند. تولید و ترکیب شیر به‌صورت معنی‌دار تحت تاثیر منبع کربوهیدرات اضافه شده قرار نگرفت. میزان تولید شیر گروه تغذیه شده با تیمار ملاس و یا جو بالاتر از شاهد بود. همچنین غلظت آلبومین، گلوکز و نیتروژن اوره‌ای خون به‌طور معنی‌داری تحت تأثیر نوع منبع کربوهیدراتی قرار نگرفت. نسبت به گروه شاهد، افزودن ملاس سبب افزایش معنی‌دار غلظت پروتئین کل سرم شد (05/0>P). محاسبه اقتصادی نشان داد افزودن ملاس و یا دانه جو در جیره‌های حاوی اوره آهسته‌رهش منجر به افزایش درآمد خالص گردید.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که افزودن منابع کربوهیدراتی سریع‌التجزیه‌تر از نشاسته ذرت (جو و ملاس) به جیره‌های حاوی اوره آهسته‌رهش (نیتروزا®) در تغذیه گاوهای شیرده می‌تواند منجر به بهبود بازده استفاده از مواد مغذی و افزایش درآمد دامدار شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of carbohydrate source on ruminal fermentation and performance of Holstein lactating cows fed a diet containing slow-release urea

نویسندگان [English]

  • Moslem Zamani 1
  • Hossein Jahaniazizabadi 2
  • Osman Azizi 3
  • Samad Mazarei 4
1 M.Sc. of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
3 department of animal science, faculty of agriculture, university of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
4 Ph.D. Student of Animal Science, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: To achieve maximum microbial protein production and efficiency of feed protein utilization, the simultaneous availability of rumen degradability carbohydrate and nitrogen sources for ruminal microorganisms is essential. When using urea, due to its very high ruminal degradability rate, highly fermentable carbohydrate sources such as soluble sugars should be used to achieve maximum efficiency of nutrients utilization, microbial protein production and fermentation. On the other hand, considering the rate of nitrogen release in slow-release urea compared to urea, it seems that the type of carbohydrate source and its degradation rate should be considered when using this product in the diet of lactating cows, because it can affect the efficiency of nitrogen utilization in the rumen. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of carbohydrate source type on the performance of Holstein lactating cows fed a diet containing slow-release urea.

Materials and Methods: This experiment was performed in the 3 periods in a completely randomized design as repeated measurement using 9 Holstein lactating cows (average weight: 650± 50 kg, milk production: 33± 0.5 kg and DIM: 100± 25 days) in three 21-day periods. Experimental treatments were; 1. basal diet include Nitroza® (a source for slow- release urea, as control); 2. basal diet plus 2.7 % molasses as a replacement for corn grain and 3. basal diet plus 2.7% barley grain as a replacement for corn grain. To measure ruminal fermentation parameters, on the day 21 of each period, four hours after the morning meal, ruminal fluid was collected. Apparent digestibility of nutrients were measured by acid insoluble ash as internal marker. The milk production was recorded daily and on the day 20 of each period, milk produced from each animal was sampled at each meal to measure the milk composition. To determine the concentration of serum albumin, glucose, total protein, cholesterol, triglyceride and urea nitrogen concentration on day 21 of each period, 4 hours after the morning meal, blood samples were taken from the tail vein of each animal.

Results: The results of the present study showed that the addition of molasses and or barley grain as a replacement for a part of corn grain had no significant effect on feed and nutrient intake (except for organic matter). Compared to the control group, replacing corn with molasses in a diet containing slow-release urea increased the amount of organic matter intake (P< 0.01). The results of independent comparisons showed that the addition of molasses compared with control and barley treatment reduced ADF intake, but increasing the amount of barley in the diet resulted an increase in the ADF intake (P< 0.02). Treatments had no significant effect on apparent digestibility of nutrients, ruminal fluid pH, total concentration of volatile fatty acids, molar ratio of propionate, butyrate, acetate, valerate, isovalerate, and acetate: propionate ratio and glycogenic:non-glycogenic fatty acids. Treatments had no significant effect on milk production and composition. Although, milk production in the cows fed diet containing molasses and barley grain was higher than that of control group. The serum concentration of albumin, glucose and urea nitrogen in was not significantly affected by the type of carbohydrate source. Compared to the control group, the addition of molasses caused a significant increase in serum total protein concentration (P <0.05). Economic calculations showed that the addition of molasses or barley grain to diets containing slow release urea increased net income.

Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrated that the addition of carbohydrate sources with degradability higher than corn grain in dairy cow diets include slow release urea (Nitroza®) can improve nutrients utilization efficiency and increase farmer income.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • carbohydrate source
  • lactating cow
  • molasses
  • slow-release urea
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