اثر کیفیت آب بر مصرف ماده خشک، تولید و ترکیب شیر، کارایی و برخی فراسنجه‌های خونی گاوهای پرتولید هلشتاین

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه تولیدی کشاورزی و دامپروری فوده سپاهان، اصفهان، ایران

2 عضو هیات علمی بخش تحقیقات علوم دامی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی،

10.22069/ejrr.2025.23911.2018

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کیفیت و مقادیر آب مصرفی از مهم‌ترین عوامل مؤثر بر مصرف خوراک و رفاه فیزیولوژیکی دام می‌باشند که بازدهی خوراک دام را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهند. علی‌رغم اهمیت حیاتی آب، اطلاعات اندکی در مورد اثرات منابع یا کیفیت مختلف آب بر مصرف خوراک و عملکرد گاوهای شیری وجود دارد. این مطالعه فرض کرد که کاهش سختی آب از طریق روش اسمز معکوس احتمالاً بر عملکرد گاوهای شیری پرتولید تأثیر مثبت داشته باشد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی تأثیر کاهش سختی آب از طریق اسمز معکوس در مقایسه با آب چاه بر مصرف خوراک، تولید و ترکیب شیر و فراسنجه‌های خونی گاوهای شیری پرتولید بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: تعداد 16 رأس گاو شکم دوم با میانگین روزهای شیردهی 2 ± 122 و میانگین تولید شیر 2/1 ± 44 کیلوگرم در روز به تیمارهای آزمایشی اختصاص یافتند. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل تیمار آب چاه با مجموع مواد جامد حل‌شده زیاد (1955 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر) و تیمار آب تصفیه‌شده به روش اسمز معکوس با مجموع مواد جامد حل‌شده کم (404 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر) بود. این آزمایش در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 2 تیمار و 2 دوره آزمایشی اجرا گردید. آزمایش در طی دو دوره 28 روزه شامل 21 روز عادت‌پذیری و 7 روز نمونه‌گیری صورت گرفت. تمامی گاوهای حاضر در آزمایش از یک نوع جیره با میزان انرژی و پروتئین یکسان مصرف کردند. گاوها در جایگاه‌های انفرادی نگهداری شده و دسترسی آزاد به آب و خوراک داشتند. تجزیه آماری داده‌های حاصل از این پژوهش با استفاده از رویه Mixed در نرم‌افزار آماری (2002) SAS ورژن 1/9 انجام شد. مقایسه میانگین‌ها با استفاده از آزمون توکی انجام شد.
یافته‌ها: pH آب چاه (75/7) نسبت به آب تصفیه‌شده (10/7) قلیایی‌تر بود و روش اسمز معکوس باعث کاهش pH گردید. هدایت الکتریکی آب چاه (dS/m 3/2) نسبت به آب تصفیه‌شده (dS/m 59/0) به‌طور معنی‌داری بالاتر بود. املاح معدنی (Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, HCO₃, SO₄) موجود در آب چاه به‌صورت معنی‌داری پس از تصفیه کاهش یافتند. مجموع مواد جامد حل شده (۱۹۵۵ میلی‌گرم بر لیتر) و غلظت نیترات 9/3 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر) آب چاه پس از تصفیه به ترتیب به ۴۰۴ و 84/0 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر رسید. گاوهای مصرف‌کننده آب چاه (۲۵ کیلوگرم در روز) نسبت به گروه تصفیه‌شده (79/23 کیلوگرم در روز) به‌طور معنی-داری ماده خشک بیشتری مصرف کردند، اما تفاوت معنی‌داری در تولید شیر خام بین دو گروه مشاهده نشد (59/41 در مقابل 30/41 کیلوگرم در روز، 79/0 =P). درصد چربی شیر در گاوهای مصرف‌کننده آب چاه (4۳/۳%) نسبت به آب تصفیه‌شده (72/3%) تمایل به کاهش داشت (06/0 =P)، اما درصد پروتئین، لاکتوز و تولید روزانه آنها تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشتند. کارایی تولید شیر در گاوهای مصرف‌کننده آب تصفیه‌شده به روش اسمز معکوس به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر از گروه مصرف‌کننده آب چاه بود. فراسنجه‌های خونی تحت تأثیر تیمار قرار نگرفت.
نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طور کلی تصفیه آب چاه با روش اسمز معکوس به‌طور معنی‌داری کیفیت آب را بهبود بخشید و آن را برای مصرف گاو شیری مناسب‌تر کرد. مصرف آب تصفیه‌شده توسط گاوهای شیری پرتولید تأثیری بر تولید شیر و فراسنجه‌های خونی نداشت، اما چربی شیر افزایش یافت و با کاهش مصرف خوراک منجر به بهبود راندمان تولید شیر گردید که بیانگر بهبود استفاده از مواد مغذی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of water quality on dry matter intake, milk production and composition, performance and some blood parameters of high-yielding Holstein cows

نویسندگان [English]

  • Morteza Nemati 1
  • Aboalfazl Soltani 1
  • Hassan rafiee 2
1 (Corresponding author) Foudeh-Sepahan Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Center, Isfahan, Iran,
2 Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan
چکیده [English]

Background and objective: The quality and quantity of water consumed are among the most important factors affecting feed intake and physiological welfare of animals that impact feed efficiency. Despite the vital importance of water, little information is available about the effects of different water sources or qualities on feed intake and performance of dairy cows. This study hypothesized that reducing water hardness through reverse osmosis may have a positive effect on the performance of high-yielding dairy cows. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of reducing water total dissolved solids (TDS) through reverse osmosis compared to well water on feed intake, milk production and composition and blood parameters of high-yielding dairy cows.
Materials and methods: 16 second-calf cows with an average DIM of 122 ± 2 and an average milk production of 44 ± 1.2 kg per day were assigned to the experimental treatments. The experimental treatments included well water with high TDS (1955 mg/L) and reverse osmosis purified water with low TDS (404 mg/L). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 2 treatments and 2 experimental periods (8 cows per treatment). The experiment was conducted over two 28-day periods, including 21 days of acclimation and 7 days of sampling. All cows in the experiment consumed the same type of diet with the same amount of energy and protein. Cows were housed in individual pens and had free access to water and feed. Statistical analysis of the data from this study was performed using the Mixed procedure in SAS (2002) statistical software version 9.1. Means were compared using the Tukey test.
Results: The pH of the well water (7.75) was more alkaline than the purified water (7.10), and the reverse osmosis method caused a decrease in pH. The electrical conductivity of well water (dS/m 3.2) was significantly higher than that of treated water (dS/m 0.59). The mineral salts (Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, HCO₃, SO₄) in well water were significantly reduced after treatment. TDS (1955 mg/L) and nitrate concentration (3.9 mg/L) of well water after treatment reached 404 and 0.84 mg/L, respectively. Cows consuming well water (25 kg/day) consumed significantly more dry matter than the treated group (23.79 kg/d), but there was no significant difference in milk production between the two groups (41.59 vs. 41.30 kg/d, P = 0.79). Milk fat percentage in cows consuming well water (3.43%) tended to decrease compared to purified water (3.72%) (P = 0.06), but protein, lactose and daily production were not significantly different. Feed efficiency in cows consuming reverse osmosis purified water was significantly higher than that in the well water group. Blood parameters were not affected by the treatment.
Conclusion: In general, purification of well water by reverse osmosis significantly improved water quality and made it more suitable for dairy cattle consumption. Consumption of purified water by high-producing dairy cows had no effect on milk production and blood parameters, but milk fat increased and with reduced feed intake, improved milk production efficiency, indicating improved nutrient utilization.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Milk production
  • reverse osmosis
  • total dissolved solids
  • water purification
  • well water

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نشریه پژوهش‌ در نشخوار کنندگان
دوره 14، شماره 1
خرداد 1405
صفحه 87-104

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