تاثیر روش‌های عمل‌آوری شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی بر ترکیب شیمیایی، تجزیه‌پذیری شکمبه‌ای، فراسنجه‌های تولید گاز و قابلیت هضم برون‌تنی کاه کینوا

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گنبدکاووس، گنبد، ایران

2 استادیار، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گنبدکاووس، گنبد، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: مطالعه‌ای به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر روش‌های مختلفعمل‌آوری شیمیایی (پر‌اکسید هیدروژن و هیدروکسید ‌سدیم) و بیولوژیکی (باکتری باسیلوس سابتیلیس و قارچ آسپرژیلوس نایجر) بر ترکیب شیمیایی، تجزیه‌پذیری شکمبه‌ای، فراسنجه‌های تولید گاز و قابلیت هضم کاه کینوا در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: کاه ‌کینوا از مزارع اطراف شهرستان آشخانه (خراسان شمالی) جمع‌آوری شده است و سپس به آزمایشگاه تغذیه‌ دام دانشگاه گنبد‌کاووس انتقال داده می‌شود. نمونه‌های کاه تهیه‌شده در مجاورت هوا خشک شد و به ابعاد 5-2 سانتی‌متر خرد و در کیسه‌های 3 کیلویی برای اعمال تیمارهای مختلف نگهداری شدند. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: 1) کاه ‌کینوا بدون هیچ‌گونه افزودنی (شاهد)، 2) کاه ‌کینوا عمل‌آوری شده با هیدروکسید سدیم، 3) کاه ‌کینوا عمل آوری شده با پراکسید هیدروژن، 4) کاه ‌کینوا عمل‌آوری شده با باکتری باسیلوس سابتیلیس و 5) کاه ‌کینوا عمل‌آوری شده با قارچ آسپرژیلوس نایجر، بودند. به‌منظور عمل‌آوری بقایای کاه کینوا با هیدروکسید سدیم، ۵۰ گرم از این ماده در یک لیتر آب مقطر حل‌شده و بر روی یک کیلوگرم ماده خشک بقایا اسپری شد. این مخلوط به‌خوبی هم زده شد. سپس درون کیسه‌های پلاستیکی 2 لایه ریخته شده و به‌خوبی فشرده گردید. در عمل‌آوری با پراکسید هیدروژن، ابتدا نمونه‌های بقایا با هیدروکسید سدیم پیش تیمار شدند. بدین‌صورت که ١۰۰ گرم هیدروکسید سدیم در ٥/۰ لیتر آب حل شد. سپس این محلول به ٤ لیتر آب افزوده و روی ٢ کیلوگرم از بقایای خردشده اضافه شد. نیم‌ساعت بعد، ١١٤ میلی‌لیتر آب‌اکسیژنه با درجه خلوص ٣٥ درصد در نیم‌لیتر آب حل‌شده و به این مخلوط اضافه شد. این مخلوط به‌خوبی هم ‌زده شد. بقایا درون کیسه‌های پلاستیکی 2 لایه ریخته شده و به‌خوبی فشرده و وکیوم شدند. کیسه‌ها به ‌مدت 18 روز در شرایط بی‌هوازی نگهداری شدند. به منظور عمل‌آوری بیولوژیکی، فعال‌سازی ویال‌های لیوفیلیزه و تهیه کشت آغازگر از باکتری و قارچ به‌ترتیب در محیط‌های MRS- broth در دمای 37 درجه سانتیگراد وPDA ‌در دمای 25 درجه سانتیگراد انجام شد. پس از آن به هر کیلوگرم از کاه کینوا، یک لیتر از ترکیب آب مقطر و کشت آغازگر (حاوی حداقل 105 واحد تشکیل کلنی در میلی‌لیتر باکتری یا قارچ) اضافه شدند. مخلوط حاصل در نایلون پلاستیکی به مدت 21 روز در دمای 25 درجه سانتیگراد جهت فرآیند تخمیر نگهداری شدند. پس ‌از این مدت، کیسه‌ها بازشده و در معرض هوا خشک شدند. پس از عمل‌آوری، ترکیب شیمیایی نمونه‌ها با استفاده از روش‌های استاندارد تعیین شد. آزمایش تجزیه‌پذیری با استفاده از تکنیک کیسه‌های نایلونی انجام شد. آزمون تولید گاز برای برآورد فراسنجه‌های تولید گاز استفاده شد. قابلیت هضم برون‌تنی نمونه‌ها با استفاده از روش کشت بسته انجام شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بین تیمارهای عمل‌آوری شده از نظر ترکیب شیمیایی (ماده خشک، خاکستر، ماده آلی و پروتئین خام) اختلاف معنی‌داری وجود داشت (05/0>P). بالاترین مقدار ماده خشک مربوط به تیمار شاهد و پایین‌ترین مقدار مربوط به پراکسید هیدروژن بود. در بین تیمارهای عمل‌آوری شده شیمیایی، تیمارهای عمل‌آوری شده با هیدروکسید سدیم بالاتر و تیمارهای عمل‌آوری شده با پراکسید هیدروژن پایین‌تری مقدار خاکستر خام را داشتند. روش‌های مختلف عمل‌آوری تأثیر معنی‌داری بر پتانسیل و نرخ تولید گاز داشتند (05/0>P). تیمارهای عمل‌آوری شده با شاهد و قارچ بالاترین و تیمار هیدروکسید سدیم پایین‌ترین پتانسیل تولید گاز را داشتند. عمل‌آوری با هیدروکسید سدیم و پراکسید هیدروژن به‌طور معنی‌داری قابلیت هضم ماده خشک و ماده آلی را افزایش دادند (05/0>P). تیمار عمل‌آوری شده با باکتری پایین‌ترین قابلیت هضم، عامل تفکیک و تولید پروتئین میکروبی را داشت (05/0>P).
نتیجه‌گیری: به‌‌‌طور کلی، نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه نشان داد که عمل‌آوری با هیدروکسید سدیم و پراکسید هیدروژن تأثیر بیشتری در بهبود ارزش تغذیه‌ای کاه کینوا داشتند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Chemical and Biological Processing Methods on Chemical Composition, Ruminal Biodegradability, Gas Production Parameters and External Digestibility of Quinoa Straw

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Naghizadeh 1
  • Javad Bayatkouhsar 2
  • Farzad Ghanbari 2
  • Farid Moslemipoor 2
1 Master's student, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbadkavos University, Gonbad, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbadkavos University, Gonbad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: , a study was carried out to investigate the effect of different treatment methods (chemical and biological) on chemical composition, gas production parameters and digestibility of quinoa straw in a completely randomized design.
Materials and methods: Quinoa straw was collected from Ashkhaneh city (north Khorasan province, Iran), chopped into 2-5cm pieces and prepared for processing. The following treatments were: 1) untreated quinoa straw (control) (CON), 2) CON processed with sodium hydroxide, 3) CON processed with hydrogen peroxide, 4) CON inoculated and fermented with Bacillus Subtilis and 5) CON inoculated and fermented with Aspergillus Niger. Prior to hydrogen peroxide treatment (132 mL of 35% H2O2), samples were pretreated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 80 g/kg DM) to attain and maintain a pH of 11.5. For biological processing, activation of lyophilized vials and preparation of starter cultures of bacteria and fungi were done in MRS-broth at 37°C and PDA at 25°C, respectively. After that, one liter of the combination of distilled water and starter culture (containing at least 105 colony forming units per milliliter of bacteria or fungi) was added to each kilogram of quinoa straw.Treated samples were then placed into plastic bags, tied up and stored under anaerobic conditions. Prior to analysis, bags were opened and air dried. Chemical composition of the samples was determined using the standard methods of AOAC. Ruminal degradability trial was carried out using the nylon bag technique. Gas production test was used to estimate gas production parameters. In vitro digestibility of the samples was determined through the batch culture method.
Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between treatments in terms of chemical composition (dry matter, ash, organic matter and crude protein) (P<0.05). In this respect, the highest amount of dry matter was in the control treatment and the lowest in the hydrogen peroxide treatment. Among the chemical treatments, the treatments with sodium hydroxide had the highest and the treatments with hydrogen peroxide had the lowest values of Crude Ash. Different treatment methods had significant effect on gas production potential and rate (P‌<0.05). Treatments with control and fungi had the highest and sodium hydroxide treatment had the lowest gas production potential. Treatment with sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide significantly increased dry matter and organic matter digestibility (P<0.05). In general, the bacteria had the lowest digestibility, partitioning factor, and microbial protein production.
Conclusions: Overall, the results of this study showed that treatment with sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide had a greater effect on improving the nutritional value of quinoa straw.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Quinoa straw
  • chemical processing
  • Chemical composition
  • Hydrogen peroxide
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