اثر مبنع چربی و علوفه بر عملکرد، فراسنجه ‌های شکمبه‌ای و متابولیت‌های خونی گوساله‌‌های شیرخوار

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری ، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه

2 استادیار ، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه

3 دانشیار ، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه اراک،

4 استادیار، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه اراک،

5 دانشیار، بخش علوم بالینی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تبریز

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تلاش پژوهشگران همواره یافتن بهترین ترکیب جیره است تا بتواند عملکرد و سلامتی بهینه را برای حیوان فراهم کند. گزارش‌های متعددی در خصوص استفاده از اسیدهای چرب جیره برای تغییر در عملکرد رشد و نیز پاسخ ایمنی در گوساله‌های شیرخوار وجود دارد. استفاده از منبع چربی به عنوان یک راهکار برای بهبود انرژی و بهبود عملکرد رشد گوساله ها مطرح می‌باشد. اما رابطه بین سطح علوفه مصرفی و نوع منبع چربی در گوساله‌های شیرخوار چندان مشخص نشده است. بنابراین مطالعه‌ای تحت عنوان بررسی اثرات منبع چربی با و یا بدون علوفه یونجه در خوراک آغازین بر عملکرد، گوارش پذیری مواد مغذی، فراسنجه‌های شکمبه‌ای و متابولیت‌های خونی گوساله‌های شیرخوار اجرا شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش با 40 راس گوساله هلشتاین (ماده) تازه متولد ‌شده با میانگین سنی 3 روز و میانگین وزنی8/1± 39 کیلوگرم با 4 تیمار و 10 تکرار به ‌صورت یک آزمایش فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: 1) خوراک آغازین بدون روغن سویا و یونجه؛ 2) خوراک آغازین با روغن سویا (3 درصد) و یونجه (15 درصد)؛ (3) خوراک آغازین حاوی مکمل روغن پالم (3 درصد) و بدون یونجه؛ 4) خوراک آغازین حاوی مکمل روغن پالم (3 درصد) و یونجه (15 درصد) بود. مصرف خوراک به‌صورت روزانه و وزن بدن 10 روز یکبار ثبت و ضریب تبدیل غذایی برای هر گروه محاسبه گردید. برای تعیین فراسنجه‌های خونی در روز 36 دوره پرورشی از سیاهرگ گردنی خون‌گیری به عمل آمد. گوارش‌پذیری ظاهری مواد مغذی کل دستگاه گوارش (ماده آلی، الیاف، پروتئین خام و عصاره اتری) با استفاده از خاکستر نامحلول اسید اندازه گیری شد. تجزیه تحلیل داده‌های مصرف خوراک آغازین، وزن بدن، ضریب تبدیل، گوارش پذیری، تخمیر شکمبه‌ای و فراسنجه‌های خونی توسط نرم افزار آماری SAS و رویه Mixed انجام شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که مصرف خوراک آغازین، میانگین افزایش وزن روزانه و وزن نهایی گوساله‌های شیرخوار تحت تاثیر مصرف یونجه و منبع چربی قرار گرفت به طوری که بیشترین و کمترین مصرف خوراک آغازین (635 در برابر 443 گرم در روز)، افزایش وزن روزانه (541 در برابر 671 گرم در روز)، و وزن نهایی (2/71 در برابر 6/79 کیلوگرم) به ترتیب در تیمار روغن پالم به همراه یونجه و تیمار روغن سویا به همراه یونجه مشاهده گردید (05/0>P). کل ماده خشک مصرفی (شیر + خوراک آغازین) و بازده خوراک آغازین تحت تاثیر عامل منبع چربی، علوفه یونجه و اثرات متقابل آنها قرار نگرفت. گوارش‌پذیری ماده آلی در تیمار حاوی روغن سویا به همراه علوفه یونجه کمترین مقدار بود (02/0>P). بیشترین گوارش‌پذیری مواد مغذی مربوط به تیمار روغن پالم و یونجه و کمترین مقدار مربوط به تیمار روغن سویا به همراه یونجه می‌باشد. بیشترین غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی برای گوساله‌های دریافت کننده روغن سویا به همراه یونجه و کمترین مقدار مربوط به تیمار روغن پالم به همراه یونجه بود (05/0>P). غلظت اسید چرب‌های کوتاه زنجیر شکمبه تحت تاثیر تغذیه یونجه و نوع منبع چربی و اثر متقابل آنها قرار گرفت . شکمبه، غلظت استات، پروپیونات، نسبت استات به پروپیونات و اسیدهای چرب‌ کوتاه زنجیر شاخه‌دار تحت تاثیر عامل یونجه، روغن و اثر متقابل یونجه و روغن قرار نگرفت. عامل روغن و عامل متقابل روغن و علوفه توانست اثر معنی‌داری را بر غلظت خونی گلوکز، انسولین و بتاهیدروکسی بوتیرات داشته باشد (05/0>P). درحالیکه منبع چربی، یونجه و اثر متقابل آنها اثر معنی‌داری را بر سایر فراسنجه های خونی نداشتند.
نتیجه‌گیری: استفاده از روغن سویا در مقایسه با روغن پالم سبب کاهش عملکرد، گوارش‌پذیری مواد مغذی و تخمیر شکمبه‌ای گردید. همچنین تغذیه روغن سویا بهمراه علوفه یونجه اثر منفی بر مصرف خوراک و عملکرد گوساله‌های شیری داشت در حالی که مصرف علوفه با روغن پالم منجر به بهبود عملکرد شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of fat and forage sources on performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolites in dairy calves

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abazar Karimi 1
  • Younes Ali Alijoo 2
  • Mehdi Kazemi bonchenari 3
  • Mehdi Mirzaee 4
  • Hassan Sadri 5
1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University
2 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University
3 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Arak University
4 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Arak University
5 Department of Clinical Science, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz University
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: In recent years, researchers have focused to find out the best dietary composition to provide maximum performance and health for the animal. Therefore, providing suitable nutritional conditions is aimed to improve the growth performance of calves. There are reports of the use of dietary fatty acids to alter growth performance as well as the immune response in suckling calves. Using a fat source is suggested as a way to improve energy and improve calf growth performance. However, the relationship between the level of forage consumption and the type of fat source in infant calves is not well understood. Therefore, a study was designed and conducted to evaluate the effects of fat source with or without alfalfa hay forage in the starter diet on performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood and rumen parameters of Holstein dairy calves.
Materials and Methods: This experiment with 40 newborn Holstein calves with a mean age of 3 days and a mean weight of 39 ± 1.8 kg with 4 treatments and 10 replications was a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments were included: 1) starter diet containing soybean oil supplement without alfalfa; 2) starter diet containing soybean oil supplement with 15% alfalfa; (3) starter diet containing palm oil supplement without alfalfa; 4) starter diet contained palm oil supplement along with 15% alfalfa hay. Daily starter intake and 10-d intervals body weight were recorded and the feed conversion ratio was calculated for each group. To determine blood parameters on day 36 of experiment, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein. Apparent digestibility of nutrients (organic matter, dry matter, NDF, crude protein and ether extract) was measured using acid-insoluble ash as an internal marker.
Results: The results showed that feeding alfalfa hay along with soybean oil could negatively affect the starter consumption, average daily gain and final weight of suckling calves. Thus, the lowest starter consumption, daily gain and final weight were found when soybean oil was fed with alfalfa hay. Dry matter intake (milk + starter) and feed efficiency did not be affected by oil, alfalfa forage and their interactions. The results showed that the digestibility of organic matter in the treatment containing soybean oil with alfalfa was the lowest (P < 0.05). The highest digestibility is related to the treatment of palm oil with alfalfa and the lowest amount is found for soybean oil with alfalfa. The highest concentration of ammonia nitrogen was for calves receiving soybean oil with alfalfa and the lowest amount was related to the treatment of palm oil with alfalfa (P <0.05). The results showed that alfalfa, oil and alfalfa and oil interaction had a significant effect on short chain fatty acid concentration (P <0.05). Rumen pH, and acetate, propionate concentrations and acetate to propionate ratio and short chain fatty acids were not affected by alfalfa, oil and their interactions. Oil supplementation and the interaction could have a significant effect on blood concentrations of glucose, insulin and beta-hydroxybutyrate (P <0.05). While soybean oil, alfalfa and the interaction of oil and alfalfa did not have significant effect on other metabolites.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that despite the level of forage in the starter diet, soybean oil supplementation compared to the diet containing palm oil reduced performance, nutrient digestibility and also impaired ruminal fermentation. Simultaneous feeding of soybean oil and alfalfa forage had a negative effect on feed intake and performance of dairy calves, and on the other hand, when consuming forage during the pre-weaning period of calves, the use of palm oil is more advisable rather than soybean oil.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Dairy calves
  • Energy
  • Fat source
  • Fiber digestibility
  • Forage level

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نشریه پژوهش‌ در نشخوار کنندگان
دوره 9، شماره 1
خرداد 1400
صفحه 83-98

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