تاثیر تنش حرارتی و محدودیت خوراک‌دهی در اواخر آبستنی بر قابلیت هضم و رفتار نشخوار در گاوهای شیری هلشتاین

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه تغذیه دام و طیور، دانشکده علوم دامی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان

2 دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

3 استاد گروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

4 گروه اصلاح نباتات و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تنش حرارتی یکی از عوامل تنش‌زای محیطی است که تاثیرات قابل توجهی در صنعت پرورش گاوهای شیری دارد. مکانیسم‌های بیولوژیکی که از طریق آن تنش حرارتی بر عمکرد تولیدی دام تاثیر می‌گذارد تا حد کمی توسط کاهش سطح مصرف خوراک قابل توضیح است اما بیشتر به تغییرات هورمونی، کاهش نشخوار و جذب مواد مغذی و نیز افزایش نیاز نگهداری دام‌ مرتبط است که منجر به کاهش فراهمی مواد مغذی/انرژی برای تولید می‌شود. این آزمایش جهت بررسی اثرات مستقیم و غیر مستقیم تنش حرارت حاد در اواخر دوره آبستنی بر قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی و برخی خصوصیات رفتار نشخوار گاوهای شیری هلشتاین انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: برای انجام این آزمایش از تعداد 30 راس گاو هلشتاین در 45 روز انتهایی آبستنی استفاده گردید. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: 1) مصرف اختیاری خوراک و استفاده از سیستم خنک کننده (شاهد)، 2) محدودیت غذایی و استفاده از سیستم خنک کننده، 3) مصرف اختیاری خوراک و عدم استفاده از سیستم خنک کننده. گاوها در تمام تیمارها از جیره یکسانی تغذیه شدند. در طول آزمایش دما و رطوبت نسبی روزانه رکورد برداری شدند. طی روزهای 26 تا 21 قبل از زایمان و نیز در روزهای 10 تا 5 قبل از زایمان آزمایش رفتار مصرف خوراک به صورت ثبت فعالیت برای طول مدت 24 ساعت اندازه‌گیری شد. قابلیت هضم نمونه‌های مدفوع و خوراک در روزهای 26 تا 21 قبل از زایمان و نیز در روزهای 10 تا 5 قبل از زایمان اندازه‌گیری گردید.گاوها در تمام گروه‌ها تا 21 روز قبل از زمان مورد انتظار زایمان با جیره far-off و از روز 22 قبل از زایمان تا روز زایمان با جیره کاملا مخلوط close-up تغذیه شدند.
یافته‌ها: گاوهای تیمار تنش حرارتی و محدودیت غذایی کمترین میزان مصرف خوراک را در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد به خود اختصاص دادند. مدت زمان مصرف خوراک در روز در گاوهای تیمار تنش حرارتی و محدودیت غذایی به طور معنی‌داری از تیمار شاهد کمتر بود. گاوهای تیمار تنش حرارتی نسبت به تیمار شاهد و تیمار محمدودیت غذایی فعالیت نشخوار کمتری داشتند. مدت زمان استراحت گاوهای تیمار تنش حرارتی به طور معنی‌داری کمتر از تیمار شاهد بود. همچنین تیمار تنش حرارتی به طور معنی‌داری سبب کاهش قابلیت هضم ماده خشک و فیبر نامحلول در شوینده خنثی جیره گردید.
نتیجه گیری: تنش حرارتی در اواخر دوره آبستنی سبب کاهش مصرف خوراک گردید. همچنین قابلیت هضم جیره به طور منفی تحت تاثیر تنش حرارتی قرار گرفت. با این حال محدودیت غذایی در اواخر دوره آبستنی نسبت به تیمار شاهد تاثیر چندانی بر قابلیت هضم نداشت. علاوه بر این، تنش حرارتی سبب کاهش فعالیت نشخوار و استراحت گاوها گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of late gestation heat stress and feed restriction on nutrient digestibility and rumination behavior of Holstein dairy cows

نویسندگان [English]

  • S.M.M Seyed Almoosavi 1
  • Taghi Ghoorchi 2
  • A.A Naserian 3
  • S.S Ramezanpor 4
1 .D student in Animal Nutrition, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2 Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
3 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
4 Department of Biotechnology, Gorgan university of Agriculture Science and
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Heat stress is one of the environmental stressors that has significant effects on the dairy cattle industry. Environmentally induced hyperthermia or heat stress (HS) during dry period has subsequent negative effects on performance of dairy cows .In utero hyperthermia can have a lasting imprint on offspring growth, behavior, and metabolism and also impairs the future HS response in a mammalian modelThe biological mechanisms by which the thermal stress effects on the livestock production performance can be somewhat explained by reduced feed intake, but it is more relevant to hormonal changes, reduced rumination and absorption of nutrients, as well as increased maintenance requirements, which reduces the amount of nutrients / energy for production purpose. The objective of this study was to identify the direct and indirect effects of acute HS during the last gestation on nutrient digestibility and rumination behavior of dairy cows.
Materials and methods: Holstein dairy cows (n= 10/treatment) with similar parity and body weight (BW), were randomly assigned to one of the three following treatments during 45 d before calving: 1) Cooling and ad libitum feed intake (TN), 2) Cooling and pair-feeding (CLPF), and 3) HS and ad libitum feed intake (HS). Cows in all groups received individually the same diet. During the experiment, daily temperature and the relative humidity were recorded. During the 26-21 d and 10 to 5 d before calving, the feed intake behavior was record for 24 hours. Cows were housed in individual free stall barn, bedded with straw, which for CLPF and CL cows consisting of shade, sprinklers, and fans that were turned on from 0700 to 1900 h, whereas HS cows were provided only with shade. During the experiment, all cows had free access to clean drinking water. Fans were installed in waiting areas, and sprinklers were applied behind the feed bunk. Diameter of fans was 76 cm, and jet 0.47 cm3 air per fan.Nutrients digestibility in feed and fecal samples was measured on 26 - 21 d and 10 - 5 before calving.
Results: Heat stressed and feed restricted cows had lower feed intake. Heat stressed and food restricted cows had lower eating time significantly compare to the control group. Heat stressed cows had the lowest rumination activity. Also, the heat stressed cows had significantly lower resting time than the control group. Also, heat stress significantly reduced the dry matter and NDF digestibility.
Conclusion: Late gestation heat stress caused decreased feed intake. Also, nutrient digestibility of the diet negatively affected by heat stress. However, feed restriction in late gestation did not have significant effect on nutrient digestibility than the control group. In addition, heat stress reduced the rumination activity and resting time of the cows.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Heat stress
  • feed intake
  • nutrients digestibility
  • Holstein dairy cows

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نشریه پژوهش‌ در نشخوار کنندگان
دوره 8، شماره 3
آذر 1399
صفحه 111-123

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