اثر افزودن کروم آلی و الکارنیتین به جیره بره‌های پرواری بر عملکرد، متابولیسم گلوکز و برخی فراسنجه‌های خونی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری رشته تغذیه دام، گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینای همدان

2 رییس دانشکده کشاورزی/ دانشگاه بوعلی سینا

3 استادیار گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینای همدان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کروم در متابولیسم نشخوارکنندگان نقش مهمی ایفا می‌کند. شرایطی مانند افزایش سرعت رشد، تنش و زیست فراهمی پائین کروم در منابع خوراکی، منجر به تخلیه ذخایر کروم در بدن شده و اختلالات متابولیکی و کاهش عملکرد رشد رخ می‌دهد. الکارنیتین نیز ترکیبی است که از اسیدهای آمینه لیزین و متیونین ساخته می‌شود و در بسیاری از فرآیندهای متابولیکی دخالت دارد و با تأثیر بر متابولیـسم لیپیدها در افزایش رانـدمان تولید انرژی موثر است. هنگام استفاده توأم کروم و الکارنیتین در جیره، اثر متقابل مثبتی بر متابولیسم کربوهیدات‌ها و لیپیدها مشاهده شده است. بنابراین هدف از این آزمایش بررسی اثر استفاده از کروم آلی (به شکل کروم-متیونین) و الکارنیتین به عنوان مکمل در جیره غذایی بره‌های پرواری بر عملکرد رشد، متابولیسم گلوکز و برخی فراسنجه‌های خونی بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش به مدت 60 روز با تعداد 24 رأس بره نر نژاد مهربان با میانگین سن 3 تا 4 ماه در قالب طـرح کاملاً تـصادفی با 4 تیمار و 6 تکرار انجام شد. تیمارها شامل: 1-تیمار شاهد) فقط جیره پایه دریافت کرد؛ 2-تیمار کروم) دریافت 500 میکروگرم کروم به ازای هر راس بره در روز؛ 3-تیمار الکارنیتین) دریافت 500 میلی‌گرم الکارنیتین به ازای هر راس بره در روز؛ 4-تیمار کروم- الکارنیتین) دریافت توأم کروم و الکارنیتین با غلظت‌های ذکر شده در تیمار2 و 3 بودند. مکمل‌ها به صورت سرک به جیره پایه اضافه ‌شدند. عملکرد بره‌ها و فراسنجه‌های خونی و مایع شکمبه اندازه‌‌گیری شد. بدین منظور در پایان آزمایش قبل از وعده غذایی صبح نمونه خون و مایع شکمبه اخذ شد. جهت ارزیابی متابولیسم گلوکز، از هر تیمار 4 راس بره به‌طور تصادفی برای تست تحمل گلوکز انتخاب و به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن زنده 5/0 میلی‌لیتر دکستروز 50% درون ورید وداج تزریق و در زمان‌های 5، 10، 20، 30، 40، 60، 80، 100 و120 دقیقه بعد خونگیری گردید. غلظت گلوکز در نقاط زمانی (دقیقه) پس از انفوزیون گلوکز، سرعت زدوگی پلاسما از گلوکز، زمان رسیدن به نصف و سطح زیر منحنی محاسبه شد.
یافته‌ها: میزان خوراک مصرفی، افزایش وزن روزانه، ضریب تبدیل غذایی، غلظت آمونیاک شکمبه و اسیدهای چرب فرار کل در هیچ‌یک از تیمارها، باهم اختلاف معنی‌داری نداشت (05/0 نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد، مکمل‌سازی جیره بره‌های پرواری نژاد مهربان با کروم و الکارنیتین (با غلظت‌های مورد استفاده در این پژوهش) تاثیری بر عملکرد پرواری ندارد اما منجر به افزایش میزان لیپوپروتئین با چگالی بالای خون و بهبود متابولیسم گلوکز گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of adding organic chromium and L-carnitine to feedlot lamb's diet on performance, glucose metabolism and some blood parameters

1.Anderson, R.A., Bryden, N.A., and Polansky, M.M. 1997. Lack of toxicity of chromium chloride and chromium picolinate in rats. J. Am Coll. Nutr. 16:3.273-279.
2.Anderson, R.A., Polansky, M.M., Bryden, N.A., Bhathena, S.J., and Canary, J.J. 1987. Effects of supplemental chromium on patients with symptoms of reactive hypoglycemia. J. Metab. 36: 351-355.
3.Amata, I., and Adejumo, D. 2014. Growth efficiency and carcass characteristics of growing male cows fed diets supplemented with organic chromium yeast. J. Anim. Sci. 7: 3003-3011.
4.Besong, S., Jackson, J.A., Trammell, D.S., and Akay, V. 2001. Influence of supplemental chromium on concentrations of liver triglyceride, blood metabolites and rumen VFA profile in steers fed a moderately high fat diet1. J. Dairy Sci. 84: 7. 1679-1685.
5.Burton, J., Mallard, B., and Mowat, D. 1993. Effects of supplemental chromium on immune responses of periparturient and early lactation dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 71: 6.1532-1539.
6.Broderick, G., and Kang, J. 1980. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. J. Dairy Sci. 63: 1.64-75.
7.Bunting, L., Fernandez, J., Thompson, D., and Southern, L. 1994. Influence of chromium picolinate on glucose usage and metabolic criteria in growing Holstein calves. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 6.1591-1599.
8.Bibber-Krueger, V., Axman, J., Gonzalez, J., Vahl, C., and Drouillard, J. 2016. Effects of yeast combined with chromium propionate on growth performance and carcass quality of finishing steers. J. Anim. Sci. 94:7.3003-3011.
9.Brockman, R.P., and Laarveld, B. 1986. Hormonal regulation of metabolism in ruminants; a review. Livest. Prod. Sci. 14: 4.313-334.
10.Blanchard, G., Paragon, B.M., Milliat, F., and Lutton, C. 2002. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation in obese cats alters carnitine metabolism and decreases ketosis during fasting and induced hepatic lipidosis. J. Nutr. 132: 2.204-210.
11.Cho, W., Han, I., Chae, B., Han, Y., Ha, J., and Odle, J. 2000. Effects of chromium picolinate, L-carnitine and thyroxine on the performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in pigs weaned at 21 days of age. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 9: 4.633-645.
12.Chang, X., and Mowat, D. 1992. Supplemental chromium for stressed and growing feeder calves. J. Anim. Sci. 70: 2.559-565.
13. Chang, X., Mowat, D., and Spiers, G. 1992. Carcass characteristics and tissue-mineral contents of steers fed supplemental chromium. Canadian. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 3.663-669.
14.Chowdhury, S., Pandit, K., Roychowdury, P., and Bhattachary, A. 2003. Role of chromium in human metabolism, with special reference to type 2 diabetes. J. Assoc. Physicians. India. 51: 701-705.
15.Citil, M., Karapehlivan, M., Erdogan, H.M., Yucayurt, R., Atakisi, E., and Atakisi, O. 2009. Effect of orally administered L-carnitine on selected biochemical indicators of lactating Tuj-ewes. J. Small. Rumin. Res. 81: 2–3.174-177.
16.Costa, R.M., Neves, K.B., Mestriner, F.L., Louzada-Junior, P., Bruder-Nascimento, T., and Tostes, RC. 2016. TNF-α induces vascular insulin resistance via positive modulation of PTEN and decreased Akt/eNOS/NO signaling in high fat diet-fed mice. J. Cardio. Diabetolog. 15: 1.119.
17.Chapa, A., Fernandez, J., White, T., Bunting, L., Gentry, L., Lovejoy, J., and Owen, K. 2001. Influence of dietary carnitine in growing sheep fed diets containing non-protein nitrogen. J. Small Rum. Res. 40: 1.13-28.
18.Duranay, M., Akay, H., Yilmaz, F.M., Şeneş, M., Tekeli, N., and Yücel, D. 2006. Effects of L-carnitine infusions on inflammatory and nutritional markers in haemodialysis patients. J. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 21: 11.3211-3214.
19.DeRouen, S., Fernandez, J., Bunting, L., and Blum, S. 1998. Influence of L-carnitine on growth and blood metabolic criteria of calves fed broiler litter-corn rations. J. Anim. Sci. 76: 322.
20.Emami, A., G.M., and Zali, A. 2015. Effect of different levels of chromium methionine supplementation on growth performance, meat oxidative stability and ruminal metabolites of male goat kids. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 164: 1.50-57.
21.Foroozandeh, A., Amini, H., Ghalamkari, G., Shahzeydi, M., and Nasrollahi, S. 2014. The effect of fat type and L-carnitine administration on growth, feed digestibility and blood metabolites of growing Afshari lambs. J. Live. Sci. 164: 67-71.
22.Fornea, J., Bunting, L., Fernandez, J., Depew, C., and Southern, L. 1994. Chromium picolinate has minimal effects on glucose usage of lambs in either normal or diabetic states. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 1.257.
23.Gentry, L., Fernandez, J., Ward, T., White, T., Southern, L., Bidner, T., and Thompson, D. 2001. Effects of L-carnitine on nitrogen retention and blood metabolites of growing steers and performance of finishing steers. J. Anim. Sci. 79: 1. 254-260.
24.Chapa, A., and Sahlu, T. 1999. Dietary protein and chromium tripicolinate in Suffolk wether lambs: Hormonal responses, and immune status. J. Anim. Sci. 77: 1284-1294.
25.Haldar, S., Samanta, S., Banarjee, R., Sharma, B., and Ghosh, T. 2007. Glucose tolerance and serum concentrations of hormones and metabolites in goats (Capra hircus) fed diets supplemented with inorganic and organic chromium salts. J. Anim. Sci. 164:67-71.
26.Heo, K., Odle, J., Han, I.K., Cho, W., Seo, S., van, Heugten, E., and Pilkington, D.H. 2000. Dietary L-carnitine improves nitrogen utilization in growing pigs fed low energy, fat-containing diets. J. Nutr. 1307: 1809-1814.
27. Haldar, S., Ghosh, T., Pakhira, M., and De, K. 2006. Effects of incremental dietary chromium (Cr 3+) on growth, hormone concentrations and glucose clearance in growing goats (Capra hircus). J. Agri. Res. 144: 03.269-280.
28.Huang, Y., Yang, J., Xiao. F., Lloyd, K., and Lin, X. 2016. Effects of supplemental chromium source and concentration on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of broilers under heat stress conditions. J. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 170: 1.216-223.
29.Hill, G.M., and Blum, S.A .1995. Carnitine supplementation of feedlot heifer and steer diets. J. Anim. Sci. 73 (suppl.1):34.
30.Harrison, G.A., Hemken, R.W., Dawson, K.A., Harmon, R.J., and Barker, K.B. 1988. Influence of addition of yeast culture supplement to diets of lactating cows on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations 1. J. Dairy Sci. 71: 11.2967-2975.
31.Joseph, E., DiSilvestro, R., and deBlanco, E.C. 2015. Triglyceride lowering by chromium picolinate in type 2 diabetic people. J. Nutr. 2: 24-28.
32.Jackson, P.G., Cockcroft , P.D., and Elmhurst, S. 2008. Clinical examination of farm animals. ISBN: 978-0-632-05706-1.
33.Jeejeebhoy, K.N., Chu, R., Marliss, E., Greenberg, GR., and Bruce-Robertson, A. 1977. Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. Americ. J. Clin. Nutr. 30: 4.531-538.
34.Kegley, E., and Spears, J. 1995. Immune response, glucose metabolism, and performance of stressed feeder calves fed inorganic or organic chromium. J. Anim. Sci. 73: 9.2721-2726.
35.Kitchalong, L., Fernandez, J., Bunting, L., Southern, L., and Bidner, T. 1995. Influence of chromium tripicolinate on glucose metabolism and nutrient partitioning in growing lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 73: 9.2694-2705.
36.Kaneko, J.J., Harvey, J.W., and Bruss, M.L. 2008. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. Academic press.
37.Kim, B.G., Lindemann, M.D., and Cromwell, G.L. 2010. Effects of dietary chromium (III) picolinate on growth performance, respiratory rate, plasma variables, and carcass traits of pigs fed high-fat diets.J. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 133: 2.181-196.
38.Komorowski, J.R., Tuzcu, M., Sahin, N., Juturu, V., Orhan, C., Ulas, M., and Sahin, K. 2012. Chromium picolinate modulates serotonergic properties and carbohydrate metabolism in a rat model of diabetes.J. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 149: 1.50-56.
39.Krzysik, M., Grajeta, H., Prescha, A., and Weber, R. 2011. Effect of cellulose, pectin and chromium (III) on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in rats. J. Trace. Elem. Med. Biol. 25: 2.97-102.
40.LaCount, D., Drackley, J., and Weigel, D. 1995. Responses of dairy cows during early lactation to ruminal or abomasal administration of L-carnitine. J. Dairy sci. 78: 8.1824-1836.
41.Matthews, J., Southern, L., Fernandez, J., Pontif, J., Bidner, T., and Odgaard, R. 2001. Effect of chromium picolinate and chromium propionate on glucose and insulin kinetics of growing barrows and on growth and carcass traits of growing-finishing barrows. J. Anim. sci. 79: 8.2172-2178.
42.Mingrone, G., Greco, AV., Capristo, E., Benedetti, G., Giancaterini, A., Gaetano, AD., and Gasbarrini, G. 1999. L-carnitine improves glucose disposal in type 2 diabetic patients. J. Americ. Coll. Nutr. 18: 1.77-82.
43.Muoio Deborah, M., Noland Robert, C., Kovalik, J.P., Seiler Sarah, E., Davies Michael, N., DeBalsi, Karen L., Ilkayeva, Olga R., Stevens Robert, D. 2012. Muscle-Specific deletion of carnitine acetyltransferase compromises glucose tolerance and metabolic flexibility. j. Cell. Metab. 15: 5.764-777.
44.Nejad, J.G., Lee, B.H., Kim, B.W., Ohh, S.J., and Sung, K.I. 2016. Effects of chromium methionine supplementation on blood metabolites and fatty acid profile of beef during late fattening period in holstein steers. Asia. Austra. J. Anim. sci. 29: 3.378.
45.Olsen, Q., Rule, D., Field, R., Snowder, G., and Hu, C. 1996. Dietary chromium-picolinate does not influence growth or carcass composition in feedlot lambs.J. Sheep and Goat. Res. 4: 1614-1614.
46.Owen, K., Nelssen, J., Goodband, R., Weeden, T., and Blum, S. 1996. Effect of L-carnitine and soybean oil on growth performance and body composition of early-weaned pigs. J. Anim. sci. 74: 7.1612-1619.
47.Owen, K., Jit, H., Maxwell, C., Nelssen, J., and Goodband, R. 2001. Dietary L-carnitine suppresses mitochondrial branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase activity and enhances protein accretion and carcass characteristics of swine. J. Anim. sci. 79: 12.3104-3112.
48.Pechova, A., and Pavlata, L. 2007. Chromium as an essential nutrient: a review. Vetr. Medic. Phar. 52: 1.1.
49.RA, A. 1995. Chromium, glucose tolerance, and lipid metabolism. J. Advan. Medic. 8: 37.
50.Ringseis, R., Keller, J., and Eder, K. 2012. Role of carnitine in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity: evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies with carnitine supplementation and carnitine deficiency. Eur. J. Nutr. 51: 1.1-18.
51.Rebouche, C.J., and Paulson, D.J. 1986. Carnitine metabolism and function in humans. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 6: 1.41-66.
52.Samsell, L.J., and Spears, J.W. 1989. Chromium supplementation effects on blood constituents in lambs fed high or low fiber diets. J. Nutr. Res. 9: 8.889-899.
53.Sanchez-Mendoza, B., Aguilar-Hernandez, A., and Lopez-Soto, M.A. 2015. Effects of high-level chromium methionine supplementation in lambs fed a corn-based diet on the carcass characteristics and chemical composition of the longissimus muscle. Turk. J. Veter. Anim. Sci. 39: 3.376-379.
54.Sadeghi, M., Panah, M.J.N., Bakhtiarizadeh, M.R., and Emami, A. 2015. Transcription analysis of genes involved in lipid metabolism reveals the role of chromium in reducing body fat in animal models. J. Tra. Elem. Medic. 32: 45-51.
55.Solhjoo, A., Rowghani, E., Bayat, A., and Zamiri, M. 2014. The effect of rumen protected L-carnitine on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and blood metabolites in Iranian fat-tailed Ghezel lambs. Res. Opin. Anim. Vet. Sci. 4: 4.192-197.
56.Shelton, J.L., Payne, R.L., Johnston, S.L., Bidner, T.D., Southern, L.L., and Odgaard, R.L. 2003. Effect of chromium propionate on growth, carcass traits, pork quality, and plasma metabolites in growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 81: 2515-2524.
57.Savica, V., Santoro, D., Mazzaglia, G., Ciolino, F., and Monardo, P. 2005. L-carnitine infusions may suppress serum C-reactive protein and improve nutritional status in maintenance hemodialysis patients. J. Ren. Nutr. 15: 2.225-230.
58.Sung, K.I., Nejad, J.G., Hong, S.M., Ohh, S.J., Lee, B.H., and Peng, J.L. 2015. Effects of forage level and chromium-methionine chelate supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics and blood metabolites in Korean native (Hanwoo) steers. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 57:1.1.
59.Tamamogullari, N., Silig, Y., Icagasioglu, S., and Atalay, A.1999. Carnitine deficiency in diabetes mellitus complications. J. Diabetes. Complications. 13: 5.251-253.
60.Tian, Y.Y., Zhang, L.Y., Dong, B., Cao, J., Xue, J.X., and Gong, L.M. 2014. Effects of chromium methionine supplementation on growth performance,
serum metabolites, endocrine parameters, antioxidant status, and immune traits in growing pigs. J. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 162: 1.3.134-141.
61.Uyanik, F. 2001. The effects of dietary chromium supplementation on some blood parameters in sheep.J. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 84: 1.3.93-101.
62.Uziel, G., Garavaglia, B., and Di Donato, S. 1988. Carnitine stimulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) in isolated human skeletal muscle mitochondria. J. Muscle Nerve. 11: 7.720-724.
63.Vincent, J.B .2015. Is the pharmacological mode of action of chromium (III) as a second messenger. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 166:1.7-12.
64.Vincent, J. 2011. The nutritional biochemistry of chromium (III). J. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 166: 1.7-12.
65.Wang, M.Q., Wang, C., Li, H., Du, Y.J., Tao, W.J., Ye, S.S., and He, Y.D. 2012. Effects of chromium-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on growth, blood metabolites, immune traits and tissue chromium in finishing pigs. J. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 149: 2.197-203.
66.Wang, M., Wang, C., Du, Y., Li, H., Tao, W., Ye, S., He, Y.,and Chen, S .2014. Effects of chromium-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on growth, carcass characteristics, pork quality, and lipid metabolism in finishing pigs. J. Live. Sci. 161: 123-129.
67.Wu, L.E., Levina, A., Harris, H.H., Cai, Z., Lai, B., Vogt, S., James, D.E.,and Lay, PA .2016. Carcinogenic chromium (VI) compounds formed by intracellular oxidation of chromium (III) dietary supplements by adipocytes. J. Ange. Chem. 128: 5.1774-1777.
68.Wang, J., Du, R., Qin, J., Wang, S., Wang, W., Li, H., and Pang, Q. 2003. Effect of yeast chromium and L-carnitine on lipid metabolism of broiler chickens. Asian Australa. J. Anim. Sci. 16: 12.1809-1815.
69.Woodworth, J., Tokach, M., Nelssen, J., Goodband, R., Dritz, S., Koo, S., Minton, J., and Owen, K. 2007. Influence of dietary L-carnitine and chromium picolinate on blood hormones and metabolites of gestating sows fed one meal per day. J. Anim. sci. 85: 10.2524-2537.
70.White, T., Fernandez, J., Harding, G., Williams, C., Bateman, H., Bidner, T., Derouen, P., and Froetschel, M. 2002. Influence of L-carnitine on performance and ruminal and blood metabolites of grazing calves and finishing lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 18: 1.59-65.
71.Weekes, T. 1991. Hormonal Control of Glucose. Metabolism. 9.(????????)
72.Zhou, B., Wang, H., Luo, G., Niu, R., and Wang, J. 2013. Effect of dietary yeast chromium and L-carnitine on lipid metabolism of sheep. J. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 155: 2.221-227.