Effects processing methods of barley grain and Non-protein nitrogen sources on performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics of Afshari breeding fattening lambs

Authors

1 PhD student, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,

2 Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran

3 Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran

Abstract

Background and objectives: As respects Food processing may increase livestock performance. Today some methods of grain processing have been considered. On the other hand, lack of animal feed, especially with the development of industrial methods of animal husbandry waste in many parts of the world, has led farmers and researchers to think about identifying and using agricultural and livestock waste and new food sources for animal nutrition, including poultry manure. And urea is mentioned in the diet of ruminants. Due to the fact that no research has been done on the effect of barley grain processing methods and non-protein nitrogen sources in the diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics in of Afshari breeding fattening lambs, the present study was conducted.
Materials and methods: This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with seven treatments including a control treatment containing whole barley grain (without milling) and without urea and chicken manure, treatments 2, 3 and 4 respectively containing processing method of milling, filling and pelleting with a certain level of urea. (1%) And treatments 5, 6 and 7 containing processing methods of milling, filling and pelleting with a certain level of poultry manure (12%) were performed on Afshari breeding fattening lambs. Each treatment consisted of 5 fattening lambs at the age of 3 months 24±1 which were kept individually in separate cages for 14 days of acclimatization period and 84 days of fattening period. Dry matter, ash, crude fiber, crude fat and crude protein were determined using the method (AOAC, 2000), Neutral detergent fiber and Acid detergent fiber based on the method of Van Soest et al (1991). At the end of the rearing period, three heads from each treatment were randomly sacrificed and hot carcass weight and cold carcass weight and its components were measured.
Results: The number of daily feed intakes, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly different between experimental treatments. The apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter were significantly different, and the control treatment (whole barley grain without urea and poultry manure) had the highest apparent digestibility. Digestibility in non-fibrous carbohydrates was significantly different, so that treatment 5 (processing method of milling with poultry manure) had the highest apparent digestibility. Experimental treatments were significant on thigh weight, neck weight, tail weight, ventricular fat weight, carcass length and half-carcass length.
Conclusion: The results showed that barley grain processing methods with non-protein nitrogen sources had a significant effect on daily weight gain, dry matter consumption, feed conversion ratio, some organs of fattening lambs, digestibility of dry matter, and organic matter compared to the control group. In general, it is possible to use barley grain processing with urea (1%) and poultry manure (12%) in the diet of fattening lambs without harmful effects on production parameters and fattening performance.

Keywords

References

Allen, M. S. 2000. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 83(7): 1598–1624.
Alijoo, Y.A., Valizadeh, R., Nasserian, A.A., Danesh Mesgaran, M. and Tahmasbi, A. 2011. Effect of barley grain processing and source of supplemental dietary fat on performance and fermentation characteristics of ruminants. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 3(3): 266-273. (In Persian).
Ahmad, M., Gibb, D.J., McAllister, T.A., Yang, W. Z., Helm, J., Zijlstra, R.T. and Oba, M. 2010. Adjusting roller settings based on kernel size increased ruminal starch digestibility of dry-rolled barley grain in cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 90(2): 275-278.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 1995. Method of determining and expressing fineness of feed material by sieving. ASAE Standards 1995. St. Joseph, Michigan.
AOAC .2000. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th Edition, The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
Barry, T.N. 1998. The feeding value of chicory (Cichorium intybus) for ruminant livestock. Journal Agriculture Science, 131(3): 251–257.
Burque, A., Abdullah. R.M., Babar. M.E., Javad, K. and Nawaz, H. 2008. Effect of urea feeding on feed intake and performance of male buffalo calves. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 18(1): 1-6.
Beizaei, R., Sari, M., Boojarpour, M., Chaji, M. and Eslami, M. 2013. Effect of starch replacement with soluble fiber on feed digestibility and carcass characteristics of lambs fed high concentrate diet and gas production of low quality forage sources. Journal of Ruminant Research, 1(4): 47-64. (In Persian).
Bellof, G., Wolf, A.M., Schuster, S. and Hollwich, W. 2003. Nutrient composition of the muscle, fat, and bone tissue of carcasses during the development of lambs of the Merino breed with different feeding intensities. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 87(9): 347-358.
Bohnert, D. 2003. Influence of grain Type and processing method on beef cattle consuming forage-based diets, Western Beef Resource Committee, Cattle Producer’s Library, CL333.
Beauchemin, K.A., Yang, W.Z. and Rode, I. M. 2001. Effects of barley grain processing on the site and extent of digestion of beef feedlot finishing diets. Journal of Dairy Science, 79(7): 1925-1936.
Chizzotti, F. H., Pereira, O.G., Tedeschi, S.C., Valadares Filho, M.L., Chizzotti, Leao. M.I. and Pereira, D.H. 2008. Effects of dietary nonprotein nitrogen on performance, digestibility, ruminal characteristics, and microbial efficiency in crossbred steers. Journal of Dairy Science, 86(5): 1173-1181.
Castillo, C., Benedito, J.L., Pereira, V., Sotillo, J., Suárez, A. J., Méndez, P. and Hernández, J. 2011. Influence of grain processing in regard to serum metabolites and enzymes for finishing bull calves. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 20(4): 483-492.
Corona, L., Rodriguez, S., Ware, A. and Zinn, R.A. 2005. Comparative effects of whole ground, dry-rolled, and steam-flaked corn on digestion and growth performance in feedlot Cattle. Journal of The Professional Animal Scientist, 21(3): 200-206.
Cole, N.A. and Todd, R.W. 2008. Opportunities to enhance performance and efficiency through nutrient synchrony in concentrated fed animals. Journal of Animal Science, 86(14): 318-333.
Campling, R.C. 1991. Processing cereal grain for cattle- a review. Livestock Production Science, 28(3): 223-234.
Davies, K.L., McKinnon, J.J. and Mutsvangwa, T. 2013. Effects of dietary ruminally degradable starch and ruminally degradable protein levels on urea recycling, microbial protein production, nitrogen balance, and duodenal nutrient flow in beef heifers fed low crude protein diets. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 93(1): 123-136.
Elemam, M.B., Fadelelseed, A.M. and Salih, A.M.  2009. Growth performance, digestibility, N-balance and rumen fermentation of lambs fed different levels of deep-stack broiler litter. Research Journal of Animal and Veterinary Science, 4(21): 9-16.
Fayed, M. A. 2011. Comparative study and feed evaluation of sSprouted barley grains on rice straw versus Tamarix mannifera on performance of growing Barki lambs in Sinai. Journal of American Science, 7(1): 954-961.
Hale, W.H. 1980. Digestion Physiology and Nnutrition of Ruminants. 3: 19-35.
Jackson, D.J., Rude, B.J., Karanja, K.K. and Whitley, N.C. 2006. Utilization of poultry litter pellets in meat goat diets. Small Ruminant.Research, 66(1-3): 278-281.
Kyriazakis, I. and Oldham, J.D. 1997. Food intake and diet selection in sheep: The effect of manipulating the rate of digestion of carbohydrates and protein of the feeds offered as a choice.  British Journal of Nutrition, 77(2): 243-254.
Kiran, D. and Mutsvangwa, T. 2007. Effects of barley grain processing and dietary ruminally degradable protein on urea nitrogen recycling and nitrogen metabolism in growing lambs. Journal of Animal Science, 85(12):3391–3399.
Khalid, M.F., Sarwar, M., Rehman, A. U., Shahzad, M.A. and Mukhtar, N. 2012. Effect of dietary protein sources on lamb’s performance: A Review. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 2(2): 111-120.
Khalesizadeh, A., Vakili, A.R., Danesh-Mesgaran, M. and Valizadeh, R. 2011. The effects of garlic oil (Allium sativa), turmeric powder (Curcuma iongalinn) and monensin on total apparent digestibility of nutrients in Baloochi lambs. International Journal of Biological, Bimolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering, 5: 791-793.
Khalil, I.A., Sayaad, G.A.E. and Redman, M. 1995. Inclusion of dehydrated broiler litter in friesian calves diets. 1. Effect on digestibility, body weight gain and fed conversion. Annals of Agriculture Science. Moshtohor, 33(4): 137-145.
López Soto, M.A., Barreras, A. and Calderón Cortés, J. 2014. Effects of forage level in broiler litter-based diets on feed intake, digestibility and particulate passage rate in Holstein steers at different live weights. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 62: 163-177.
McIntosh, F., Williams, M. P., Losa, R., Wallace, R.J., Beever, D.A. and Newbold, C. 2003. Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69(8): 5011–5014.
Matison, G.W. 1996. Effects of processing on the utilization of grain by cattl. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 58(1-2): 113-125.
McAllister, T.A. and Chen, K.J. 1992. Effect of Formaldehyde treated barley or escape protein on nutrient digestibility growth and carcass traits of feedlot lambs. Journal of Animal Science, 72(2): 309-316.
Mahgoub, O., Lu, C.D. and Early, I.R.J. 2000. Effects of dietary energy density on feed intake, body weight gain and carcass chemical composition of Omani growing lambs. Small Ruminant Research. 37(1-2): 35-42.
Mohammadi, A., Rouzbehan, Y. and Fazaeli, H. 2014. Effect of different levels of dietary processed broiler litter on the performance of Holstein male cows. Iranian Journal of Animal Science, 45(3): 197-208. (In Persian).
Mirmohammadi, D., Rouzbehan, Y. and Fazaeli, H. 2015. The effect of the inclusion of recycled poultry bedding and the physical form of diet on the performance, ruminal fermentation, and plasma metabolites of fattening lambs. Journal of Animal Science, 93(8): 3843-3853.
Negesse, T., Patra, A.K., Dawson, L.J., Tolera, A., Merkel, R.C., Sahlu, T. and Goetsch, A. L. 2007. Performance of Spanish and Boer Spanish doelings consuming diets with different levels of broiler litter. Small Ruminant Research, 69(1-3): 187-197.
Najafi, S., Tabatabaei, M., Zaboli, K., Ahmadi, A. and Saki, A.A. 2017. Interaction between barley grain processing and source of dietary nitrogen on digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and microbial protein synthesis in Mehraban sheep. Animal Production Research, 6(1): 39-51. (In Persian).
Obeidat, B.S., Awawdeh, M.S. and Abdullah, A.Y. 2011. Effects of feeding broiler litter on performance of Awassi lambs fed finishing diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 165(1-2): 15-22.
Qrskov, E.R., Fraser, C. and Gordon, J.G. 1974. Effect of processing of cereals on rumen fermentation digestibility, rumination time and firmness of subcutaneous fat. British Journal of Nutrition. 32(1): 59-69.
Parand, E. and Taghizadeh, A. 2010. Examination of digestibility of processed barley grain with different methods, using gas production technique with two sources of inocola. Journal of Animal Science Research, 20(2): 23-35. (In Persian).
Rajabi Aliabadi, R., Ghoorchi, T., Torbati Nejad, N., Toghdory, A., Mohajer, M. and Tahmasbi, R. 2020. Effects of alfalfa physical form and barley grain processing on performance and nutrient digestibility in Dalagh fattening lambs. Journal of Ruminant Research, 9 (1): 37-54. (In Persian).
Rossi, J.E., Goetsch, A.L., Patil, A.R., Kouakou, B., Par, K.K., Wang, Z.S., Galloway, D. L. and Johnson, Z. B. 1996. Effects of forage level in broiler litter-based diets on feed intake, digestibility and particulate passage rate in Holstein steers at different live weights. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 62(2-4): 163-177.
Rapetti, L. and Bava, L. 2004. Effect of grinding of maize and level of starch on digestibility and lactation performance of Saanen goats. South African Journal of Animal Science, 34(5): 85-88.
Robinson, P.H. and McQueen, R.E. 1994. Influence of supplemental protein source and feeding frequency on rumen fermentation and performance in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 77(5): 1340-1353.
Rotger, A., Ferret, A., Calsamiglia, S. and Manteca, X. 2006. Effects of nonstructural carbohydrates and protein sources on intake, apparent total tract digestibility, and ruminal metabolism in vivo and in vitro with high-concentrate beef cattle diets. Journal of Animal Science, 84(5): 1188-1196.
Rahimi, M.R., Alijo, Y., Pirmohammadi, R. and Alimirzaei, M. 2018. Effects of feeding with broiler litter in pellet-form diet on Qizil fattening lambs' performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and husbandry economics. Veterinary Research Forum, 9(3): 245-251.
SAS. 2001. Statistical Analysis System User's Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
Saro, C., mateo, J., Anders, S., Mateos, I., Ranill, M. J., Lopez, S., Martin, A. and Giraldez, F. J. 2019. Replacing soybean meal with urea in diets for heavey fattening lambs: effects on growth, metabolic profile and meat quality. Animals, 9(11). 974.
Suárez, A. 2009. Technologic measures preventing ruminal acidosis in feedlot: grain processing. Master Degree, Veterinary Faculty, Lugo, University of Santiago de Compostela. Lugo, 77-78.
Shabi, Z., Arieli, A., Brukental, I., Aharoni, Y., Zamwel, S., Bor, A. and Tagari, H. 1998. Effect of synchronization of the degradation of dietary crude protein and organic matter and feeding frequency on ruminal fermentation and flow of digesta in the abomasums of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 81(7): 1991-2000.
Tedeschi, L.O., Cannas, A. and Fox, D.G. 2010. A nutrition mathematical model to account for dietary supply and requirements of energy and other nutrients for domesticated small ruminants: the development and evaluation of the Small Ruminant Nutrition System. Small Ruminant Research, 89(2-3): 174-184.
Talib, N.H. and Ahmed, F.A. 2008. Performance and carcass characteristics of intact Zebu Bulls fed different levels of deep stacked poultry litter. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 7: 1467-1473.
Tothi R., Lund P., Weisbjerg, M.R. and Hvelplund, T. 2003. Effect of expander processing on fractional rate of maize and barley starch degradation in the rumen of dairy cows estimated using rumen evaluation and in situ techniques. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 104(1-4): 71-94.
Yang, W.Z., Beauchemin, K.A. and Rode, L.M. 2001. Effects of grain processing, forage to concentrate ratio, and forage particle size on rumen pH and extent of digestion by lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(10): 2203–2216.
Yoon C.S., Lee, N.H. and Gung, K.K. 1986. The effect of corn or barley plus urea and soybean meal on microbial protein production in the rumen of sheep. Korean Journal of Animal Science, 28: 588-596.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non-starch polysaccharaides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10): 3593-3597.
Journal of Ruminant Research
Volume 11, Issue 1
May 2023
Pages 19-36

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics