https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/ Journal of Ruminant Research en daily 1 Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7655.html Background and Objective: The growing world population has increased the demand for animal products, and with limited feed resources, the livestock industry faces significant challenges. Using by-products from the food industry in ruminant nutrition can be a solution to reduce environmental problems and feed costs. Vinasse (concentrated molasses solution) is a by-product of the bioethanol industry produced through molasses fermentation. This substance contains crude protein (mainly non-protein nitrogen), ash (especially potassium), glycerol, and dead Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, which has prebiotic properties. Studies have shown that using vinasse in ruminant nutrition leads to increased feed intake, improved feed conversion ratio, enhanced dry matter digestibility, increased daily weight gain, and higher milk production. Heat stress is one of the major challenges in dairy cattle farming and causes an imbalance between metabolic heat production and its dissipation to the environment. Under heat stress conditions, potassium is significantly excreted through sweat. Given the high concentration of potassium in vinasse, the hypothesis of this study is that adding different levels of vinasse to the diet of lactating cows under heat stress could improve ruminal metabolites and blood parameters by replacing lost potassium and improving the ruminal environment.Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted using 84 lactating cows (28 cows per treatment) with an average of 155 ± 25 days in milk, milk production of 32 ± 3 liters per day, and parity of 2.4 ± 0.1 in a completely randomized design. Animals were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) control (diet without vinasse), 2) five percent (1.1 kg), and 3) 10 percent (2.2 kg) vinasse based on dry matter. The study was conducted in summer with an average temperature-humidity index of 75.1, and the period lasted 25 days (15 days adaptation and 10 days sampling). To investigate the effect of experimental diets on blood parameters of dairy cows, blood was collected from the tail vein on day 22 of the experiment, about 4 hours after morning feeding. Also, on day 25, rumen fluid was sampled using a vacuum pump 3 to 4 hours after the morning feeding.Results: The results showed that plasma glucose concentration decreased linearly (P=0.01), but protein concentration increased linearly (P=0.02) with increasing vinasse in the diet. Acetic acid in rumen fluid increased linearly with the addition of vinasse to the diet (P=0.01). Valeric acid was also linearly affected by experimental treatments and decreased with the addition of vinasse to the diet. Rumen fluid pH (P=0.08) and isovaleric acid (P=0.06) showed a tendency toward significance, with the highest values observed for 10 percent vinasse and control treatments, respectively.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that using vinasse up to 5 percent of dry matter in the diet of dairy cows under heat stress can help reduce the negative effects of heat stress by improving blood metabolites (increasing total protein) and ruminal metabolites (increasing acetic acid and tendency to increase rumen pH). https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7656.html AbstractBackground and Objectives: The digestive and immune systems of calves are not fully developed during the suckling period, making them vulnerable to gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. Meanwhile, the use of antibiotics in feed is increasingly restricted due to health and legal concerns. Consequently, herbal alternatives with antimicrobial, immunostimulatory, and antioxidant properties have gained attention in recent years. Trachyspermum ammi (ajwain) is a medicinal plant known for its active compounds such as thymol, carvacrol, and other phenolics, which may offer antibacterial, digestive-stimulating, and antioxidant effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing Holstein calves’ liquid diet with ajwain seed powder during the pre-weaning period on growth performance, skeletal parameters, health status, and blood metabolite profiles.Materials and Methods: Sixty-four healthy female Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups (n = 16 per group) from day 3 to day 58 of age. The treatment groups received different levels of ajwain seed powder (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 g/day), mixed into milk or milk replacer. Body weight and skeletal measurements were taken at the start and every 10 days thereafter. Fecal scores, rectal temperature, and incidence of diarrhea and pneumonia were recorded daily. Results: the results of the current study showed that feed intake, final body weight, diarrhea duration (Score >3) have been increased by consuming 5 g Ajwain seed powder compared to other treatments (quadratic effect, P<0.05). Also, different levels of Ajwain seed powder had no effect on skeletal growth parameters. Glucose levels were higher in calves consuming 2.5 g of ajwain seed powder compared to other treatments (quadratic effect, P<0.05) and no difference was observed among treatment for other blood parameters.Conclusion: The results of this study have shown that liquid dietary supplementation with 5 g/day of ajwain seed powder in suckling Holstein calves can enhance feed intake, final weight, average daily gain, and diarrhea duration (Score >3) without adverse effect on skeletal development. These findings suggest that ajwain is a promising natural feed additive for improving growth and metabolic health in young calves. Keywords: Ajwain; Calf health; Calves; Diarrhea; Medicinal plant; Respiratory disorders.-------------------------------------------------------- https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7731.html Background and objectives: Zinc (Zn) is one of the trace elements that affects in the growth, reproduction and improvement of the immune system of animals. Recently, Zn has been supplemented to the diet for increasing the performance of livestock. However, supplementation with excessively of Zn to the diet may, decrease performance, affect the absorption and retention of other mineral elements. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of Zn in form of inorganic, on performance and concentration of some blood mineral elements and their retention in Mehraban male lambs. Materials and methods: To conduct this experiment, 18 Mehraban male lambs with an average age of 3-4 months and an initial body weight of 33.55 ± 2.97 kg were assigned to 3 treatments with 6 replicates each, as a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included 1) control group (basal diet, without supplementation of Zn), treatment 2) basal diet plus 40 mg Zn/kg DM in the form of zinc sulfate and treatment 3) basal diet plus 80 mg Zn/kg DM in the form of zinc sulfate. During the experimental period (60 days), feed intake and body weight gain were measured daily and every 15 days, respectively. The blood samples were taken from the lambs via the jugular vein, on the day 60 at before feeding morning. Then, 4 lambs from each treatment were randomly selected and transferred to the metabolic cages. Considering a 5 days for adaptation period, fecal and urine samples of the lambs were collected for 5 days for mineral balance trial. The chemical composition of diet compounds, feces, urine and blood minerals (zinc, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and copper) were determined using standard methods.Results: The results showed that the supplementation of zinc in the diet had no effect on dry matter intake. However, its effect on daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio was significant (P<0.05). Accordingly, the daily weight gain in lambs in control group and treatments 2 and 3 was 241.07, 269.35 and 273.81 g/d, respectively. Also, zinc supplementation significantly increased the level of zinc in the blood of lambs (P<0.05), and its value increased from 0.86 mg/L (in the control group) to 1.24 and 1.13 mg/L in treatments 2 and 3, respectively. Retention of zinc in body was affected by zinc supplementation (P<0.05), and its value were 3.40, 6.14, and 5.82 mg/d in control group and treatments 2 and 3, respectively. However, the retention of other measured mineral elements was not affected by zinc supplementation. The correlation between zinc retention and other mineral elements was not significant.Conclusion: Generally, the results showed that supplementation of 40 and 80 mg Zn/kg DM to the diet of lambs improved the performance (daily weight gain). Also, the concentration of zinc in the blood and its retention in the body were affected by the supplementation of zinc. https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7658.html Background and Objective: In fattening lambs, acidosis leads to reduced dry matter intake and growth performance. Dietary buffering supplements are one of the tools to control rumen acidity, especially in fattening lambs and high-producing livestock. This study aimed to investigate the effects of three types of buffering supplements on growth performance, feed intake, rumen fermentation, rumen pH, protozoal population, and blood parameters in fattening lambs fed a 70% concentrate diet.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted using 18 Mehraban breed fattening lambs (29 ± 1 kg, 3 months old) in a completely randomized design with three groups and six replicates over a 75-day period. The experimental groups included: 1) Control group (sodium bicarbonate buffer), 2) RuminoBuffer group (a synthesized compound), and 3) Behdam-Roshd Khorasan commercial buffer group. The studied traits in live animals included growth performance (initial weight, final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and dry matter intake), rumen fermentation (pH, ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids), protozoal population, and blood parameters (biochemical and enzymatic). Additionally, in vitro gas production parameters and digestibility were evaluated.Results: The results showed no significant difference among the three buffering supplements in terms of average daily weight gain and dry matter intake in fattening lambs (P > 0.5). Rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen, and total volatile fatty acids remained stable and unchanged in all three buffer types on days 30 and 60 (P > 0.5). In vitro digestibility and total gas production in the second group (Ruminobuffer) were significantly lower compared to the other two groups (P < 0.5), while the Behdam-Roshd commercial buffer group was similar to the control group. The protozoal population decreased in both the Ruminobuffer and Behdam-Roshd groups compared to the control (P < 0.05). The total protozoal population in lambs fed the Behdam-Roshd buffer was significantly lower than in the other two groups (P < 0.05). Lambs fed the Behdam-Roshd buffer had lower blood glucose levels compared to the other two groups, and blood triglyceride levels decreased in lambs fed Ruminobuffer compared to the control (sodium bicarbonate) (P < 0.05). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased in both the Ruminobuffer and Behdam-Roshd groups compared to the control (sodium bicarbonate), while aspartate aminotransferase (AST) decreased in the Ruminobuffer group compared to the other two groups (P < 0.05).Conclusion: The use of these buffers in a high-concentrate (70%) fattening diet helped control and prevent rumen pH from dropping below six. Given the similar daily and total growth performance across all three groups, and considering the price per kilogram of each buffer, it is recommended to use the more cost-effective buffer.Keywords: Volatile fatty acids, Buffer, Fattening lambs, Growth performance, Ammonia nitrogen. https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7659.html Effects of replacing barley grain with corn gluten feed and sugar beet pulp on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and milk production in high-producing Holstein dairy cow dietsAbstractBackground and Objective: Given the economic and nutritional importance of alternative sources to cereals in lactating dairy cow diets, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of replacing barley grain with corn gluten feed and sugar beet pulp both individually and in combination on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition, and body condition of high-producing Holstein cows. While previous research has primarily assessed these by-products separately, this study investigated their combined effects on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and milk production in high-yielding dairy cows..Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted at the Lavark Research Station, Isfahan University of Technology, using 12 multiparous Holstein cows arranged in a 4×4 Latin square design with three squares, four periods, and four dietary treatments. Treatments included: 1) Control concentrate containing 43.7% barley grain without corn gluten feed or sugar beet pulp; 2) Replacement of 12% barley grain with corn gluten feed; 3) Replacement of 12% barley grain with sugar beet pulp; 4) Combination of 6% sugar beet pulp and 6% corn gluten feed replacing 12% barley grain. The forage-to-concentrate ratio was maintained constant at 40:60 across all diets. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS software.Results: Replacing barley grain with the combination of 6% corn gluten feed and 6% sugar beet pulp significantly increased dry matter intake, organic matter and crude protein (CP) digestibility, milk yield, fat-corrected milk (3.5% FCM), energy-corrected milk (ECM), and yields of milk fat, protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat compared to the control diet. The diet containing 12% corn gluten feed alone improved dry matter intake compared to control but less effectively than the combined treatment. Conversely, the 12% sugar beet pulp diet reduced milk protein percentage relative to control and combined treatments, while milk fat percentage was not significantly affected by any of the diets. Body condition score, body weight, and backfat thickness were not influenced by the dietary treatments.Conclusion: Replacing barley grain with a combination of 6% corn gluten feed and 6% sugar beet pulp in diets of lactating Holstein cows improved dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, and milk production without adverse effects on body condition. These findings highlight the efficiency of these alternative feedstuffs in optimizing dairy cow rations.Keywords: Barley grain, Corn gluten feed, Lactating dairy cows, Milk production and composition, Sugar beet pulp https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7660.html Background and objective: The quality and quantity of water consumed are among the most important factors affecting feed intake and physiological welfare of animals that impact feed efficiency. Despite the vital importance of water, little information is available about the effects of different water sources or qualities on feed intake and performance of dairy cows. This study hypothesized that reducing water hardness through reverse osmosis may have a positive effect on the performance of high-yielding dairy cows. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of reducing water total dissolved solids (TDS) through reverse osmosis compared to well water on feed intake, milk production and composition and blood parameters of high-yielding dairy cows.Materials and methods: 16 second-calf cows with an average DIM of 122 ± 2 and an average milk production of 44 ± 1.2 kg per day were assigned to the experimental treatments. The experimental treatments included well water with high TDS (1955 mg/L) and reverse osmosis purified water with low TDS (404 mg/L). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 2 treatments and 2 experimental periods (8 cows per treatment). The experiment was conducted over two 28-day periods, including 21 days of acclimation and 7 days of sampling. All cows in the experiment consumed the same type of diet with the same amount of energy and protein. Cows were housed in individual pens and had free access to water and feed. Statistical analysis of the data from this study was performed using the Mixed procedure in SAS (2002) statistical software version 9.1. Means were compared using the Tukey test. Results: The pH of the well water (7.75) was more alkaline than the purified water (7.10), and the reverse osmosis method caused a decrease in pH. The electrical conductivity of well water (dS/m 3.2) was significantly higher than that of treated water (dS/m 0.59). The mineral salts (Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, HCO₃, SO₄) in well water were significantly reduced after treatment. TDS (1955 mg/L) and nitrate concentration (3.9 mg/L) of well water after treatment reached 404 and 0.84 mg/L, respectively. Cows consuming well water (25 kg/day) consumed significantly more dry matter than the treated group (23.79 kg/d), but there was no significant difference in milk production between the two groups (41.59 vs. 41.30 kg/d, P = 0.79). Milk fat percentage in cows consuming well water (3.43%) tended to decrease compared to purified water (3.72%) (P = 0.06), but protein, lactose and daily production were not significantly different. Feed efficiency in cows consuming reverse osmosis purified water was significantly higher than that in the well water group. Blood parameters were not affected by the treatment.Conclusion: In general, purification of well water by reverse osmosis significantly improved water quality and made it more suitable for dairy cattle consumption. Consumption of purified water by high-producing dairy cows had no effect on milk production and blood parameters, but milk fat increased and with reduced feed intake, improved milk production efficiency, indicating improved nutrient utilization. https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7661.html AbstractBackground and objective: Due to climate change and the decline in forage production in the country, it is necessary to conduct research to find suitable alternatives to common forages in dairy cow feeding. Fodder beet has been introduced as a suitable alternative in livestock nutrition in recent years due to its good nutritional properties and resistance to environmental conditions. However, no research has been conducted to investigate the effect of replacing common forages with fodder beet on feed characteristics, animal welfare performance, and rumen parameters. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing corn silage with fodder beet silage (autumn forage) on rumen fermentation parameters and chewing behavior in dairy cows.Mateials and methods: Fodder beet was harvested in spring and then ensiled. After 60 days, the experiment was conducted in a carryover design with two treatments: 1) fodder beet silage diet and 2) corn silage diet and 10 replications (dairy cows) in two 30-day periods. Diets were sampled to determine the particle size of the diet using a Pennsylvania standard sieve on days 24 to 30 of each experimental period. The chewing behavior of the cows including eating, rumination, and resting jaw activity was recorded in each period, and rumen fluid was sampled on the last day of each period to determine the fermentation parameters in the rumen. The pH of the rumen samples was measured immediately after receipt, and then rumen fluid sampling was performed to measure ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids, and examine the protozoan population.Results: Replacing corn silage with fodder beet silage increased the amount of residual compounds in the 19 (P<0.01) and 4 (P=0.019) mm sieve, decreased physical effective fiber, decreased eating activity, rumination, and daily saliva production (P<0.01). Also, resting jaw time was longer in animals fed fodder beet silage (P<0.01). On the other hand, the use of fodder beet silage in the diet reduced pH, acetic acid, and protozoa population (P<0.01). The amount of propionic acid and total volatile fatty acids were higher in the fodder beet silage treatment (P<0.01). Ammonia nitrogen production and protozoan species Entodiniinae and Isotrichidae were higher in corn silage treatment compared to fodder beet silage (P<0.01).Conclution: Overall, the results showed that using 25% of fodder beet silage in the diet of dairy cows did not have a negative effect on livestock performance, and according to the trend of changes in rumen parameters, fodder beet silage diet had better performance than corn silage due to higher propionic acid production and reduced protozoa population. The use of fodder beet silage at a level of 25% in the forage portion is recommended for feeding dairy cows. https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7662.html Background and Objectives: Onion (Allium cepa) cultivation generates substantial by-products, with aerial parts (leaves and stems) often discarded after bulb harvesting. In Iran, annual onion production exceeds 3.15 million tons, yielding a lot of onion tops as agricultural waste. These residues, typically left in fields or occasionally grazed by sheep, possess untapped potential as livestock feed. However, their high moisture content and low water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) levels present challenges for direct ensiling. This study evaluated the effects of urea, molasses, and waste date as silage additives on the nutritional quality, fermentation profile, and in vitro gas production of onion top silage.Materials and Methods: Onion tops were collected from Jiroft farms, wilted for 24 hours to achieve about 30% dry matter (DM), and chopped into 1–2 cm pieces. The experimental treatments included: control (no additive), urea (2.5% and 5%), molasses (10% and 15%), and waste date (10% and 15%) on fresh weight basis. The prepared material was tightly packed into polyethylene bags, vacuum-sealed, and ensiled for 60 days. Post-ensiling analyses included chemical composition (DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), WSC, and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N)), pH, and aerobic stability. In vitro gas production method was assessed, with derived parameters including metabolizable energy (ME), net energy for lactation (NEl), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA).Results: Results indicated that all additives increased DM content compared to control (P< 0.05). Molasses and urea enhanced OM, while waste date reduced it. Urea supplementation significantly raised CP levels, whereas molasses and waste date had no significant effect. NDF and ADF decreased notably with molasses (P< 0.05), while urea and waste date only reduced NDF. WSC content increased substantially with molasses and waste date, but remained unaffected by urea. Fermentation quality varied significantly among treatments: pH was lowest in molasses-treated silage (3.87 at 15%) and highest with urea (8.12 at 5%). NH₃-N concentrations increased markedly with urea but decreased with molasses and waste date. Aerobic stability improved with molasses (48 h vs. 44 h in control). In vitro gas production analysis revealed that molasses (15%) enhanced cumulative gas production and OMD, while urea reduced the gas production rate. ME and NEl values were highest with molasses (8.88 MJ/kg DM and 5.13 MJ/kg DM, respectively).Conclusion: In conclusion, molasses and waste date effectively improved the fermentation quality and nutritional value of onion top silage. Molasses demonstrated superior effects by increasing WSC, reducing pH, and enhancing aerobic stability, while waste date improved digestibility without compromising fermentation. Although urea increased CP content, its adverse effects on pH and NH₃-N limited its overall benefits. For optimal silage production from onion tops, the addition of molasses or waste date is recommended. These findings highlight the potential for sustainable utilization of agricultural by-products in ruminant diets, offering economic and environmental advantages through reduced feed costs and waste minimization. https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7663.html Background and objective: The most important factors affecting the accuracy of genomic prediction include the number of markers, statistical method, minor allele frequency (MAF), heritability, and genetic architecture, that each of their effects differs under the specific conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding noncausal SNPs to the statistical model on the accuracy of breeding values by considering different population factors and different genetic architectures. Materials and methods: In the present study, 10 chromosomes with a length of 100 cM were simulated and on each chromosome 1000 SNP markers of two alleles were considered which were randomly distributed along the genome. In this study, phenotypic variance was assumed 1.0 and heritability was considered as 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 according to traits with low, medium and high heritability respectively. The population numbers for this simulation were 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 people and 100 QTLs was distributed on 10 chromosomes. Predictions were done by RKHS and BayesB models and mean comparisons were also made using the Tukey method.Results: In all scenarios and with both methods, there was a significant difference between considering QTLs alone and with different percentages of noncausal SNPs in the model. However, in both methods, significant differences were observed between low percentages of noncausal markers and high percentages. In most scenarios, for example, when there were 10% noncausal markers in the model, the predictions were more accurate than when 20%, 40%, 60% and 100%.The accuracy of genomic predictions increased with the increasing of heritability and the number of individuals in the reference population. In the case of low heritability scenarios, the percentage of increment of predictive accuracy was more than higher heritability with increasing of reference population. The mean of accuracy of evaluations using BayesB method compared RKHS, was significantly different in fitting QTLs in the model and different ratios of noncausal markers in most scenarios except for a few cases. In general, in both methods, the best predictions were made when using the highest heritability and population size and only entering QTLs in the models.Conclusion: According to these findings, identifying causal sites and incorporating them into genomic assessments increases the rate of analysis and reduces the cost of genotyping. It can also enhance the genetic gain of important economic traits in genomic evaluations by enhancing predictive accuracy.Conclusion: According to these findings, identifying causal sites and incorporating them into genomic assessments increases the rate of analysis and reduces the cost of genotyping. It can also enhance the genetic gain of important economic traits in genomic evaluations by enhancing predictive accuracy. https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7664.html AbstractBackground and Objective: Protein is one of the most important and expensive nutrients used in ruminant feeding. Due to Iran’s limitations in producing oilseeds and protein meals, meeting the protein requirements of livestock faces considerable challenges. Soybean meal is currently the most common and high-quality protein source in animal and poultry diets; however, its cost is higher than other meals. Camelina meal is another protein source that could be a potential alternative to soybean meal in livestock feeding. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal with fermented and unfermented camelina meal on growth performance and some ruminal fermentation parameters of fattening lambs. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three dietary treatments and eight replications per treatment, using 24 lambs aged four to six months with an average initial body weight of 34.5 ± 5 kg over a period of 80 days. The experimental treatments included: (1) control diet containing soybean meal, (2) diet containing fermented camelina meal, and (3) diet containing unfermented camelina meal. Fermentation of camelina meal was performed using Trichoderma reesei (PTCC 5142). A 24-hour gas production assay was used to estimate organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy, and microbial biomass yield. At the end of the experiment, rumen fluid samples were collected via esophageal tubing to determine pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and protozoal population. During the experimental period, daily feed intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio were measured. The economic efficiency index was calculated based on the cost per kilogram of body weight gain. Data were analysed using the GLM procedure of SAS software (2005). Results: The results indicated that replacing soybean meal with fermented or unfermented camelina meal had no significant effect on growth performance or feed intake (P > 0.05). Similarly, ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration, total volatile fatty acids, and total protozoal count were not affected by the treatments, although the population of Entodiniomorph protozoa increased in lambs fed camelina meal diets (P < 0.05). In lambs receiving fermented and unfermented camelina meal, ruminal propionate concentration increased while the acetate-to-propionate ratio decreased compared with the control group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed among treatments in 24-hour gas production, estimated organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy, partitioning factor, or microbial biomass yield. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrated that partial or complete replacement of soybean meal with fermented or unfermented camelina meal had no adverse effects on growth performance or feed intake of fattening lambs. Considering its lower cost and reduced water requirement for cultivation, camelina meal can be recommended as a suitable and sustainable protein source in fattening lamb diets. https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7709.html Background and Objective: Heat stress is a fundamental challenge in dairy cattle production in hot regions, particularly during early lactation, causing reduced feed intake, metabolic disorders, and decreased milk production. This stress also disrupts the metabolism of proteins and essential amino acids. Methionine, the limiting essential amino acid in dairy cow diets, plays a key role in protein synthesis, energy metabolism, and metabolic health, but its bioavailability is limited due to ruminal degradation. Under heat stress conditions, the requirement for specific amino acids such as methionine may increase due to metabolic changes and increased need for antioxidants (such as glutathione, in which methionine plays a role in synthesis). However, limited information exists regarding the effects of rumen-protected methionine on the performance of early lactation dairy cows under heat stress. Rumen-protected methionine, which is resistant to microbial degradation in the rumen, can improve milk production, protein percentage, and feed efficiency. Under heat stress conditions, methionine requirements likely increase due to metabolic changes and increased antioxidant needs. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of rumen-protected methionine on milk production performance and economic parameters in early lactation Holstein cows under heat stress.Materials and Methods: This study used 24 lactating Holstein cows (12 cows per treatment) with average days in milk (91 ± 12), milk production (37 ± 3), and parity (2.4 ± 0.1) at the University of Tehran research farm. The present study was conducted using repeated measures designs with 2 experimental treatments including control treatment: basal diet (containing zero levels of rumen-protected methionine) and methionine treatment: basal diet plus methionine (containing 25 grams of rumen-protected methionine per day per lactating cow).Results: Results showed that raw milk production (37 vs. 34.8 liters per day) (P < 0.05) and energy-corrected milk (38.8 vs. 35.8 liters per day) (P < 0.05) were significantly higher for cows receiving rumen-protected methionine compared to the control group. Feed efficiency calculated based on raw milk, fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk was significantly higher in the methionine group. Regarding milk composition, fat percentage (3.42 vs. 3.18 percent) and total milk solids (12.9 vs. 11.1 percent) significantly increased in the methionine-containing treatment. Milk fat yield (1.32 vs. 1.17 kg per day) and total milk solids yield (4.97 vs. 4.10 kg per day) were also significantly higher in the rumen-protected methionine group. Economic parameters showed that milk sales revenue for the methionine treatment compared to the control treatment (13.44 vs. 12.99 US$) was significantly higher (P< 0.02), and income over feed cost for the methionine treatment compared to the control treatment (5.86 vs. 5.33 US$) was also significantly higher (P<0.03). In fact, daily consumption of 50 grams of methionine supplement equivalent to 0.53 US$ per cow generated profit for the farmer.Conclusion: The use of rumen-protected methionine in early lactation dairy cow diets can be considered as an ideal additive in nutritional management of early lactation dairy cows under heat stress due to improved milk production and composition as well as improved economic parameters. https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7710.html ABSTRACTBackground and objectives: Ensiling high-moisture forages is one of the most effective methods for preserving feed for ruminants animals. Corn forage, due to its high starch content and low buffering capacity, is considered a suitable candidate for silage production. However, excessive moisture during ensiling can promote the growth of undesirable bacteria, increase effluent production, reduce nutritional quality, and contribute to environmental pollution. The use of organic acid and bacterial additives is among the practical strategies to improve the ensiling process, minimize nutrient losses, and enhance the aerobic stability of the final product.Materials and Methods: Experimental silages were 1- corn silage without OA and BA (Con), 2- corn silage contained 1 L/ton fresh forage of OA with 1:6 dilution rate (OA-1), 3- corn silage contained 1 L/ton fresh forage of OA with 1:8 dilution rate (OA-2), 4- corn silage contained Lacobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici at 100000 cfu/g fresh forage (BA-1) and 5- corn silage contained Lacobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici at 200000 cfu/g fresh forage (BA-2). All silos were opened after 90 d ensiling and their characteristics were assessed. Results: The Con silage gad higher DM and lower crude fat (CF) and starch contents than other silages (P<0.01). Crude protein (CP), NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of BA-1 were higher compared to other silages (P<0.01). The Con silage had lower pH and NH3-N content than other silages (P<0.01). The highest acetate and propionate contents were observed in BA-1 and OA-1, respectively (P<0.01). The content of butyrate and lactate were higher in OA-1 silage compared to other silages (P<0.01). Digestibility of DM was higher in OA-1 and BA-2 silages than others (P<0.01). The BA-2 silage had higher NDF digestibility compared to other silages (P<0.01). Effluent production did not influence by OA and BA (P>0.05). The highest fleig point was observed in Con silage (P<0.01). Conclusion: In conclusion, according to these results addition of Lacobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici at 200000 cfu/g fresh forgae compared to it at 100000 cfu/g fresh forgae and different levels of OA had better effects on quality and nutrient digestibility of corn silage.Materials and Methods: Experimental silages were 1- corn silage without OA and BA (Con), 2- corn silage contained 1 L/ton fresh forage of OA with 1:6 dilution rate (OA-1), 3- corn silage contained 1 L/ton fresh forage of OA with 1:8 dilution rate (OA-2), 4- corn silage contained Lacobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici at 100000 cfu/g fresh forage (BA-1) and 5- corn silage contained Lacobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici at 200000 cfu/g fresh forage (BA-2). All silos were opened after 90 d ensiling and their characteristics were assessed. Results: The Con silage gad higher DM and lower crude fat (CF) and starch contents than other silages (P<0.01). Crude protein (CP), NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of BA-1 were higher compared to other silages (P<0.01). The Con silage had lower pH and ammonia-N content than other silages (P<0.01). The highest acetate and propionate contents were observed in BA-1 and OA-1, respectively (P<0.01). The content of butyrate and lactate were higher in OA-1 silage compared to other silages (P<0.01). Digestibility of DM was higher in OA-1 and BA-2 silages than others (P<0.01). The BA-2 silage had higher NDF digestibility compared to other silages (P<0.01). Conclusion: In conclusion, according to these results addition of Lacobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici at 200000 cfu/g fresh forgae compared to it at 100000 cfu/g fresh forgae and different levels of OA had better effects on quality and nutrient digestibility of corn silage. https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7711.html The transition period in ewes, which usually lasts three weeks before and three weeks after parturition, is one of the most critical physiological stages during the reproductive cycle. During this period, the ewes undergo extensive metabolic and hormonal changes that are necessary to prepare the body for parturition and the onset of lactation. Late pregnancy is associated with reduced feed intake and increased energy requirements due to rapid fetal growth and mammary gland development. This mismatch between energy intake and requirements leads to negative energy balance (NEB), which results in the mobilization of body fat stores and an increase in the concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in the blood. These changes predispose to the development of ketosis, fatty liver, and preeclampsia in ewes. Negative energy balance also increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, which weakens the immune system and increases the risk of inflammation and metabolic and infectious diseases. As a result, colostrum quality, first milk production and lamb growth are affected. In these conditions, vitamins and minerals, especially those with antioxidant properties, play an important role in reducing oxidative stress and maintaining immune health. Adequate and balanced supply of these micronutrients during the transition period improves the immune response, reduces the incidence of metabolic disorders and increases production performance. Therefore, targeted nutrition rich in antioxidants during the transition period is crucial for the health and productivity of ewes. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation injection in late pregnancy on performance, digestibility, milk production, and inflammatory indices of Dalagh ewes. The study used 40 Dalagh ewes with a mean weight of 42 ± 3.7 kg, which were divided into four treatments and ten replications in a completely randomized design in late pregnancy. The experimental treatments included: 1) control group (no vitamin and mineral supplementation injection), 2) ewes receiving injectable vitamin supplementation, 3) ewes receiving injectable mineral supplementation, and 4) ewes receiving simultaneously injectable vitamin and mineral supplementation. To determine the amount of dry matter consumed daily, the after-feed was collected and weighed before the new feed was fed. The amount of milk production and composition were measured and recorded. To measure the digestibility of the ewes, fecal and feed samples were collected in the last five days of the experiment to determine the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and neutral detergent insoluble fiber. To measure inflammatory indices and blood antioxidant status,Results: The results of the effect of mineral and vitamin injection in late pregnancy showed that minerals and vitamins improved the final weight and feed consumption of ewes after calving, and the highest feed consumption was for ewes injected with minerals and vitamins simultaneously (P<0.05). Also, minerals and vitamins improved the digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent insoluble fiber in ewes (P<0.05). On the other hand, minerals and vitamins had no effect on the amount of milk production, protein, fat, and lactose in ewes. On the other hand, mineral and vitamin injection reduced BHBA, NEFA, ROS, and OSI and increased SAC in ewes at all three times (P<0.05). The greatest improvement in NEFA at all times, ROS before calving and on the day of calving, and SAC and OSI before calving were related to ewes receiving minerals and vitamins simultaneously.Conclusion: Considering the improvement in weight performance, digestibility, and inflammatory markers of ewes, simultaneous injection of minerals and vitamins is recommended for ewes in late pregnancy. https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7712.html Objective: Sheep production, as a fundamental component of the livestock industry, plays a vital role in supplying animal protein worldwide. Growth efficiency and productive performance are key factors determining profitability in this sector. The leptin–melanocortin system (LMS) acts as a major regulatory pathway that governs energy balance, appetite, and body metabolism. The leptin gene, a central element of this system, influences feed intake, energy homeostasis, and lipid metabolism, thereby affecting growth and nutritional status in animals. Recent studies have demonstrated that supplementing diets with unsaturated fatty acid sources such as calcium salts of flaxseed oil can enhance energy utilization and modulate the expression of growth-related genes, ultimately improving animal performance. Moreover, the organic zinc–methionine complex plays a significant role in protein metabolism, enzyme activity, and the regulation of growth and energy-associated hormones, contributing to improved daily weight gain and feed efficiency in ruminants. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the combined effects of dietary supplementation with calcium salts of flaxseed oil and organic zinc–methionine on leptin gene expression in the liver and muscle tissues of sheep.Method: In this study, forty-four male Arabic lambs aged two to three months were used in a 2×2 factorial experiment arranged in a completely randomized design. The experiment consisted of four dietary treatments with eleven replicates per group: (1) a basal diet without any supplement (control), (2) the basal diet supplemented with 0.083% zinc–methionine (equivalent to 100 mg Zn/kg DM), (3) the basal diet containing 3% calcium salts of flaxseed oil, and (4) the basal diet including both 3% calcium salts of flaxseed oil and 0.083% zinc–methionine. At the end of the 94-day feeding trial, three lambs from each treatment were slaughtered, and liver and muscle samples were collected for leptin gene expression analysis. The collected tissues were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until further molecular assays. Total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed according to the manufacturer’s protocols of commercial kits. Leptin gene expression was quantified by the real-time qPCR, with GAPDH used as the reference gene. Relative gene expression levels were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCT method. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using SAS software (version 9.4), and treatment means were compared by the LSD test.Results: The results indicated that dietary supplementation with calcium salts of flaxseed oil significantly downregulated leptin gene expression in the liver (P < 0.01), while no significant effect was observed in muscle tissue (P > 0.05). In contrast, the inclusion of zinc–methionine significantly increased leptin gene expression in both liver and muscle tissues (P < 0.01). Moreover, the combined supplementation of zinc–methionine and calcium salts of flaxseed oil did not cause any significant alteration in leptin gene expression compared with the control group (P > 0.05).Conclusions: The overall findings of this study demonstrate that the type and combination of dietary supplements can markedly influence the genetic regulation of energy metabolism in sheep. The observed downregulation of leptin gene expression following omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, contrasted with its upregulation upon zinc–methionine administration, highlights the critical role of nutritional balance in modulating molecular pathways involved in growth and metabolism. Increasing leptin gene expression with zinc-methionine supplementation may help maintain energy balance and prevent excessive fat storage. At the same time, the calcium salt of flaxseed oil may promote fat storage by reducing leptin levels. The interaction between these two nutritional factors underscores the complexity of dietary regulation at the genetic and physiological levels and emphasizes the need for further investigations at molecular and systemic scales to better elucidate the underlying regulatory mechanisms. https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7713.html Background and Objective: The transition period in ewes (3 weeks prepartum to 3 weeks postpartum) is characterized by profound metabolic changes and reduced feed intake, leading to negative energy balance, increased non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), ketone bodies, and oxidative stress. This condition elevates the risk of ketosis, fatty liver, and impaired immunity. Dietary fat supplementation, as a nutritional strategy, can improve metabolic status by providing a dense energy source and reducing body reserve mobilization; however, its effects on digestion, rumen fermentation, and oxidative stress depend on the type of fat (protected saturated vs. unsaturated). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different fat sources on nutrient digestibility, liver enzymes in transition ewes, and selected blood parameters of newborn lambs.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted on 60 pregnant ewes (one month before lambing) at the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch. Ewes were randomly assigned, based on body weight and expected lambing date, to five treatments (12 replicates) in a completely randomized design: (1) control (no added fat), (2) 3% calcium salts of omega-9 fatty acids, (3) 3% tallow, (4) 3% canola oil, and (5) 3% rumen-protected saturated fatty acid powder. Diets were formulated according to NRC (2007) and offered as TMR from 21 days prepartum to 21 days postpartum. Blood samples (one week before and three weeks after lambing) were collected to determine liver enzymes. Digestibility was estimated using acid-insoluble ash as an internal marker.Results: Supplementation with different fat sources had no significant effect on body weight, dry matter intake, or body condition score of the ewes. Feeding rumen-protected saturated fatty acid powder significantly increased ether extract digestibility compared with canola oil and the control group in both pre- and postpartum periods, and showed higher values than animal fat postpartum (P < 0.05). This treatment also improved acid detergent fiber digestibility compared with animal fat and canola oil before lambing and compared with canola oil after lambing. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was affected by treatments only postpartum, with higher values in the protected saturated fat group than in the canola oil and omega-9 treatments (P < 0.05), while dry matter and crude protein digestibility did not differ among treatments. Liver enzyme activities were influenced by dietary fat source. ALT and AST levels in ewes fed canola oil and animal fat increased significantly postpartum (P < 0.05), whereas values in ewes receiving calcium salts of omega-9 and protected saturated fat remained within the normal range. ALP activity was also affected in both sampling periods, with the highest values observed in the omega-9 and animal fat groups. The type of dietary fat significantly affected blood parameters of newborn lambs (P < 0.05). Lambs born to ewes fed protected saturated fat and omega-9 fatty acids had higher concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, total protein, and immunoglobulin G compared with the control group. Cholesterol, total protein, and IgG concentrations in these treatments were also higher than in the animal fat group, while albumin concentration did not differ significantly among treatments.Conclusion: Overall, supplementation of transition ewe diets with rumen-protected saturated fatty acid powder improved ether extract digestibility compared with canola oil and the control group and maintained more stable liver enzyme activity postpartum compared with canola oil and animal fat. Although not all traits differed significantly among treatments, these findings suggest that protected saturated fat may contribute to improved digestibility and metabolic status during the transition period compared with some other fat sources. https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7714.html Background and Objective:Rumen acidosis is one of the most important nutritional disorders in ruminants, characterized by a decline in ruminal pH, epithelial damage, disruption of fermentative pathways, reduced nutrient absorption, and increased methane emissions. Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is highly prevalent in dairy and feedlot cattle and results in significant economic losses due to reduced milk yield, poor growth performance, veterinary costs, and energy lost through inefficient fermentation. With increasing restrictions on the use of antibiotic feed additives, plant-based additives such as Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) have gained attention due to their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and fermentation-modulating properties. However, many plant extracts have limitations such as low solubility, instability, and poor bioavailability. Nanoliposome technology offers a promising strategy to improve stability, controlled release, and bioefficacy of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of free and nanoliposome-encapsulated licorice extract on ruminal fermentation parameters, methane production, protozoal population, and pH stabilization under normal and acidosis-induced conditions.Materials and Methods:This in vitro study was conducted using rumen fluid collected from fistulated Holstein bulls. Nanoliposomes were synthesized via thin-film hydration and loaded with standardized commercial licorice extract containing 19–24% glycyrrhizin. A basal diet with a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 70:30 was used, with three treatments: basal diet alone, basal diet plus free licorice extract, and basal diet plus nanoliposome-encapsulated extract. Buffered rumen fluid was incubated at 39 °C under continuous CO₂. Gas production was recorded at multiple intervals up to 120 h. After 24 h of incubation, ruminal pH, protozoal counts, volatile fatty acids (VFA), methane production, digestibility, fermentable organic matter, and metabolizable energy were measured. An acidosis challenge test was performed by adding dextrose to induce rapid fermentation. Data were analyzed using the mixed model procedure of SAS and Tukey’s test for mean comparison.Findings:Nanoliposomes exhibited a uniform spherical morphology with a hydrodynamic diameter of 122.2 nm and a low PDI (0.013), indicating high stability and homogeneity. Both free and nanoliposome licorice extract reduced lag time and increased early-stage fermentation rate, while decreasing gas production during late fermentation (48–120 h). Treatments increased butyrate concentration while decreasing acetate and propionate, resulting in a lower total VFA concentration and reduced methane production. The nanoliposome treatment caused a greater reduction in protozoal population compared with free extract and maintained a significantly higher ruminal pH, particularly under acidosis-induced conditions. Ammonia-nitrogen concentrations and substrate degradability remained within optimal ranges, indicating no adverse effects on overall microbial activity. In the acidosis challenge, nanoliposome licorice extract more effectively prevented severe pH decline and showed superior buffering and stabilization capacity, while supporting adequate microbial fermentation.Conclusion:Encapsulation of licorice extract in nanoliposomes enhanced its functionality in modulating rumen fermentation, reducing methane emission, lowering protozoal counts, and maintaining ruminal pH during acidosis. Controlled release and improved stability of the encapsulated extract provided more sustained biological effects compared with the free form. These findings suggest that nanoliposome-encapsulated licorice extract can serve as an effective natural additive for mitigating SARA, improving nutrient utilization, enhancing environmental sustainability, and potentially reducing reliance on antibiotic feed additives in ruminant nutrition. https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7715.html Background and Objective: Galactagogue herbal supplements containing licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), and black seed (Nigella sativa) possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immune-modulating properties and are commonly used to enhance milk yield, improve milk quality, and alleviate heat stress in lactating cows. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of this herbal supplement on milk yield and composition, blood metabolites, and antioxidant status in Holstein dairy cows.Materials and Methods: Sixteen multiparous lactating Holstein cows (third parity or higher) with an average body weight of 620 ± 15 kg were assigned to a completely randomized design and divided into two experimental groups: a control group fed a basal diet and a treatment group fed the basal diet supplemented with 150 g/day of the herbal supplement. The feeding trial lasted 49 days postpartum. Cows were milked at 08:00, 16:00, and 24:00 h, and milk yield was recorded daily. Milk samples were collected at the end of weeks 1 to 7 to determine milk composition. Blood samples were obtained before the morning feeding on days 0, 25, and 49 using EDTA-containing vacutainer tubes. Blood parameters including glucose, triglycerides, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were analyzed. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures statistical model.Results: Milk yield was significantly higher in the treatment group (40.17 ± 0.403 kg/day) compared with the control group (38.57 ± 0.403 kg/day) (P < 0.001). During the experimental period, 4% fat-corrected milk (P = 0.002), lactose percentage (P = 0.0001), energy-corrected milk (P = 0.007), milk fat yield (P = 0.022), milk protein yield (P < 0.001), and total solids percentage (P = 0.0007) were significantly increased in the treatment group. At the end of the trial, milk protein percentage was significantly higher in the treated cows (2.92 ± 0.157%) than in the control cows (2.63 ± 0.157%), whereas no significant differences were observed for other milk components. The interaction between treatment and time resulted in a significant increase in dry matter intake in the treatment group. Among blood parameters, only the treatment × time interaction for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was significant (P < 0.01), while other blood metabolites were not affected by the treatment. Furthermore, the herbal supplementation had no significant effect on antioxidant indices, including malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity. Conclusion :The findings suggest that supplementation with the herbal additive during early lactation, accompanied by increased dry matter intake, may improve milk yield as well as selected milk components, particularly protein yield and percentage, fat yield, lactose percentage, and total solids in Holstein dairy cows. https://ejrr.gau.ac.ir/article_7716.html Background and Objective: Conducting ecological studies and breeding capacity assessment on various livestock species, including camels, helps in proper planning and optimal utilization of the genetic capacity of native populations. In Qom province, there are currently approximately 8,000 camels being bred, and this province has a prominent position in the maintenance and breeding of single-humped camels and even dromedaries in the country, and in this respect, it is among the 10 leading provinces in the country. However, no study has been conducted to determine the status of native camel breeding. Therefore, with the aim of identifying and introducing the demographic indicators, racial identity, and production and reproductive performance of the indigenous camel population of Qom province and in order to plan the necessary to increase the production and economic efficiency of camel breeding herds, the present study was conducted in cooperation with the Deputy for Improving Livestock Production and the Nomadic Affairs Department of Qom province.Materials and Methods: The study population included all camel herders in Qom province. Based on the information provided by the Deputy for Improving Livestock Production, 36 herds out of a total of 181 camel herds in different parts of Qom province were visited in person. Herd identity information such as breed type, number of animals, age composition, sex ratio, nutritional management, health management, breeding system, determination of herd purity or non-purity status, as well as direct records of herd production and reproductive performance were collected over a 2-year period (from 2022 to 2024). After initial editing, it was analyzed using the descriptive procedure of SPSS (18) software, and the results were presented in the form of tables, graphs, and selected images along with an analysis of the status of the province's camel herds regarding the indicators under study.Findings: The results showed that all the camel farmers studied use the semi-open or captive method for raising camels and on average the herds spend 28.59±0.8 months of the year in the pasture. The Kolkohi camel is the dominant breed among the camel population of the province with a frequency of 90.07%, and the rest are mixed camels resulting from the crossing of Bactrian camels and Kolkohi or pure Bactrian camels. The herd size has increased from an average of 41.33±65.74 to 89.79±56.35 in the past 10 years, and the camel population in Qom province has more than doubled during this period. The average birth weight, 6-month weight, and 1-year weight of female Kalkohi camels were estimated to be 32.44; 118.14 and 179.28 kg, and for male camles were 38.40, 134.02 and 201.06 kg, respectively. The average daily milk production of camels was estimated to be 2.85±0.66 kg/day and their fleece weight was estimated to be 1.57±0.32 kg/year. The male and female camels’ abundance in the studied herds were 5.78±1.50 and 62.59±10.43% ,respectively. The calving percentage of camel herds was 44.72±8.06% and the interval between two their consecutive calvings was estimated to be 23.66±1.49 months. The frequency of deaths before one year of age and deaths of adult camels was estimated to be 34.90±5.66 and 2.31±1.81 percent, respectively.Conclusion: Low reproductive efficiency of the herd, excessive losses of camel calves, uncontrolled mixing of dromedary camels with Bactrian camels, and lack of pastures to provide camel feed are considered to be the most important challenges of camel husbandry in Qom province. To overcome these problems, firstly, it is recommended that the genetic conservation program of Kalohi camels is planed and then the improving program of reproduction efficiency of camel herds is developed in cooperation of agricultural -jahad organization and camel breeders of Qom province.