The Effects of replacing soybean meal with different levels of processed corn steep liquor on growth performance, ruminal parameters and purine derivatives of Lori Bakhtiari lambs

Authors

1 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar,Tabriz, Iran

2 Department of animal science, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University,Shbestar,Tabriz,Iran

3 Department of Animal Science , Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar,Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

Abstract
Background and purpose: Provision of food in a fattening period includes about 65 to 70% of the costs related to livestock breeding and maintenance. The most important issue in preparing the ration is choosing raw materials with high availability, cheap price and nutritional value to meet the recommended nutritional needs of each type of livestock. corn steep liquor is one of the industrial wastes, which is produced during the wet milling process of corn kernels for the extraction of corn starch and oil. Processing is one of the ways to change and improve the nutritional value of grains, especially starch and protein. Among the reasons for using corn steep liquor, we can mention the high nutritional value of corn steep liquor (high protein content), the level of corn steep liquor production in the country and the cheap price of this by-product.
Materials and Methods: The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of aldehyde-treated corn steep liquor on soybean meal on growth performance, ruminal parameters and purine derivatives of fattening lambs. 37% formalin at a concentration of 3.5% was used to process corn steep liquor. Twenty-five male Lori Bakhtiari lambs with an average weight of 26±3 kg and an age of about 3 months were allocated in a 105 day period (15 days of adaptation and 90 days of the main period) in a completely randomized design with 5 experimental treatments and 5 replications. Experimental treatments included soybean meal with different levels of corn steep liquor processed with formaldehyde (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) replaced in the diet.
Results: The highest body weight, daily feed intake and daily weight gain were related to lambs fed with 100% Formaldehyde-processed corn steep liquor and the lowest feed intake and daily daily weight gain. It was related to lambs fed with control treatment (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio improved but did not increase with increasing the level of formaldehyde-treated corn steep liquor. With increasing the amount of formaldehyde-treated corn steep liquor in the diet, the pH of the lambs rumen decreased significantly (P<0.05). In all experimental diets, ruminal fluid ammonia concentration was reported in the optimal range (8.5 to more than 30 mg/dL). Total concentrations of volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate and butyrate density, acetate to propionate ratio in ruminal fluid of experimental animals fed a diet containing formaldehyde-treated corn steep liquor were not affected by the experimental diets. However, the ruminal density of valerate and isovalerate decreased significantly with increasing the salinity of formaldehyde-processed corn steep liquor (P<0.05). Excretion of each purine derivative (allantoin, uric acid, xanthine + hypoxanthine) and total excretion and absorption of purine derivatives from urine and the amount of microbial protein produced in the rumen were affected by experimental diets and the observed difference was significant. (The control treatment showed the highest and the 100% level treatment of formaldehyde processed corn steep liquor showed the lowest) (P<0.05). Urinary excretion of nitrogen decreased with increasing fat content of formaldehyde-treated corn steep liquor in the diet.

Conclusion: The results of the present experiment showed that the use of formaldehyde-processed corn steep liquor in lambs diet, body weight, daily dry matter intake and daily weight gain, increase and amount of ammonia, pH, valerate and isovalerate fatty acids and microbial protein production Reduces rumen in lambs and reduces the breakdown of protein in the rumen, and the feed protein is broken down in the small intestine and the use of formaldehyde-treated corn steep liquor with soybean meal has no adverse effect on livestock performance.

Keywords

References

  1. Akbari, P. 1996. Benefits of feeding poultry with municipal waste. Journal of Environmental Science, 9: 1-4. (In Persian).
  2. Allison, M.J. and Bryant, M.P. 1963. Biosynthesis of branchedchain fatty acids by rumen Journal of Dairy Science, 101: 269-277.
  3. Azizi-shotorkhoft, A., Sharifi, A., Mirmohammadi, D., Baluch-Gharaei, H. and Rezaei, J. 2016. Effect of feeding different levels of corn steep liquor on the performance of fattening lambs. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 100: 109-17.
  4. Balcells, J., Guada, J.A., Castrillo, C. and Gasa, J. 1991. Urinary excretion of allantoin and allantoin precursors by sheep after different rates of purine infusion into the duodenum. Journal of Agricultural Science. Cambridge, 116: 309-317.
  5. Benavides, M.C. and Rodriguez, J. 1971. Salivary secretion and its contribution to ruminal fluid flow in animals fed on liquid molasses/based diets. Cuban Science and Agriculture, 5: 31-40.
  6. Broderick, G. and Kang, J.H. 1980. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 54: 1176-1183.
  7. Cameron, M.R., Klusmeyer, T.H., Lynch, G.L., Clark, J. and Nelson, D.R. 1991. Effects of urea and starch on rumen fermentation, nutrient passage to the duodenum, and performance of cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 1321-1336.
  8. Chen, X.B. and Gomes, J. 1995. Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives an Overview of the Technical Details. Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB. UK.
  9. Corn Refiners 2006. Corn wet milled feed production. Available on the www.corn.org.
  10. Crocker, L.M., DePeters, E.J., Fadel, J., Perez-Monti, H.G., Taylor, S.J., Wyckoff, J.A. and Zinn, R.A. 1998. Influence of processed corn grain in diets of dairy cows on digestion of nutrients and milk composition. Journal of Dairy Science, 81: 2394- 2407.
  11. Danesh Mesgaran, M., Tahmasebi, A. and Vakili, S.A. 2008. Digestion and metabolism in ruminants. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publications, P: 261. (In Persian).
  12. Defrain, J.M., Shirley, J.E., Titgemeyer, C., Park, A.F. and Ethington, R.T. 2002. Impact of feeding a raw soybean hull-condensed corn steep liquor pellet on induced subacute ruminal acidosis in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 85: 2000-2008.
  13. Dehghan-banadak, M., Corbett, R. and Oba, M. 2007. Effects of barley grain processing on productivity of cattle. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 137: 1- 24.
  14. Delahoy, J.E., Muller, L.D., Bargo, F., Cassidy, T.W. and Holden. L.A. 2003. Supplemental carbohydrates sources for lactating dairy cows on Journal of Dairy Science, 86: 906- 915.
  15. Dousti, F., Ghoorchi, T., Sepahvand, A., Dastar, B. and Azarfar, A. 2018. The Effect of Different Levels Olive cake in Fermentation Parameters, Enzyme Cellulytic and the Rumen Microbial Protein Production Lory Male Lambs. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 9: 424-436. (In Persian).
  16. Hindrichsen, I.K., Osuji, P.O., Odenyo, A.A., Madsena, J. and Hvelplund, T. 2002. Effects of supplementation of basal diet of maize stover with different amounts of Leucaena diversifolia on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and rumen parameters in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 98: 131-142.
  17. Krause, M.K. and Oetzel, G.R. 2006. Understanding and preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 126: 215–236.
  18. Kropp, J.R., Johnson, R.R., Males, J.R. and Owens, F.N. 1977. Microbial protein synthesis with low quality roughage rations: Isonitrogenous substitution of urea for soybean meal. Journal of Animal Science, 46: 837–843.
  19. McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A., Greenhalgh, J.F.D., Morgan, C.A., Sinclair, L.A. and Wilkinson, R.G. 2011. Animal Nutrition. 7th ed., Longman Group UK, Harlow, UK, Pp 693.
  20. Michalet-Doreau, B., Fernandez, I. and Fonty, G. 2002. A comparison of enzymatic and molecular approaches to characterize the cellulolytic microbial ecosystems of the rumen and the cecum. Journal of Animal Science, 80: 790-796.
  21. Miller, L.N. 2012. New technologies in the field of low-moisture block manufacturing and supplementation. M.Sc. Thesis in Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
  22. Mirza, M.A. and Mushtaq, T. 2006. Effect of supplementing different levels of corn steep liquor on the post-weaning growth performance of Pak-Karakul lambs. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 26: 135-137.
  23. Mustafa, A.F., McKinnon, J.J. and Christensen, D., 2000. Protection of canola (low glucosinolate rapeseed) meal and seed protein from ruminal degradation. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 13: 535-542.
  24. Murphy, T.A., Fluharty, F.L. and Loerch, S.C. 1994. The influence of intake level and corn processing on digestibility and ruminal metabolism in steers fed all concentrate diets. Journal of Animal Science, 72: 1608- 1615.
  25. Nasir, T., Sarwar, M., Ahmad, F., Tipu, M.A. and Hussain, I. 2012. Influence of substitution of concentrate with molasses and corn steep liquor on nutrient intake, weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of buffalo calves. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 22: 296–300.
  26. Nisa, M., Khan, M.A., Sarwar, M., Lee, W.S., Lee, H.J., Ki, K.S., Ahn, B.S. and Kim, H.S. 2006. Influence of corn steep liquor on feeding value of urea treated wheat straw in Buffaloes fed at restricted diets. Asian- Australian Journal of Animal Science, 11: 1610-1616.
  27. Nisa, M.U., Shahzad, M.A., Phillips, C.J.C. and Sarwar, M. 2012. Responses to graded replacement of urea by maize steep liquor in diets for intensively fed lambs for meat production. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44: 947–952.
  28. Noon, C., Seoane, J. and Scott, S. 1998. The Use of Corn and Barley in Diets for Veal Calves: Effects on Performance, Diet Digestibility and Carcass Quality. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 78: 351- 358.
  29. Plascencia, A. and Zinn. R.A. 1996. Influence of flake density on the feeding value of steam-processed corn in diets for lactating cows. Journal of Animal Science, 74: 310-316.
  30. Reis, R.B. and Combs, D.K. 2000. Effects of corn processing and supplemental hay on rumen environment and lactation performance of dairy cows grazing grass legume pasture. Journal of Dairy Science, 83: 2529- 2538.
  31. Ribeiro-Filho, C.C. and Trenkle, A. 2002. Evaluation of feeding value of the corn steep liquor as an energy and protein source for finishing cattle diets. Journal of Animal Science, 80: 232-238.
  32. Russell, J.B., O'Connor, J.D., Fox, D.G., Van Soest, P.J. and Sniffen, C.J. 1992. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: I. Ruminant fermentation. Journal of Animal Science, 70: 3551-3561.
  33. Shahzad, M.A., Sarwar, M., Nisa, M. and Sharif, M. 2010. Corn steep liquor, a potential substitute of urea for growing lambs. Egyptian Journal of Sheep and Goat Science, 5: 177-190.
  34. Stewart, C.S. and Duncan, S.H. 1985. The effect of avoparcin on cellulolytic bacteria of the ovine rumen. Journal of General Microbiology, 131: 427–435.
  35. Stone, W.C. 2004. Nutritional approaches to minimize subacute ruminal acidosis and laminitis in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 87: 13–26.
  36. Suárez, B.J., Van Reenen, C.G., Stockhofe, N., Dijkstra, J. and Gerrits. W.J.J. 2007. Effect of roughage source and roughage to concentrate ratio on animal performance and rumen development in veal calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 90: 2390–2403.
  37. Synder, L.J.U., Luginbuhl, J.M., Mueller, J.P., Conrad, A.P. and Turner, K.E. 2006. Intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization of Robinia pseudoacacia foliage fed to growing goat wethers. Available online at: Science direct.com.
  38. Theurer, C.B., Huber, J.T., Delgado-Elorduy, A. and Wanderley, R. Invited Review: Summary of steam-flaking corn or sorghum grain for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 82: 1950- 1959.
  39. Vaithiyanathan, S., Bhatta, R., Mishra, A.S., Prasad, R., Verma, D.L. and Singh, N.P. 2006. Effect of feeding graded levels of Prosopis cineraria leaves on rumen ciliate protozoa, nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis in lambs and kids. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 133: 177-191.
  40. Valizadeh Ghale Beig, A., Ghoorchi, T., Hassani, S .2020. Effects of physicochemical processing of wheat grain on ruminal microbial population, biochemical parameters and blood safety of Afshari male lamb. Journal of Animal Environment, 12: 34-45. (In Persian).
  41. Van Soest, P.J. 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminants. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
  42. Wagner, J.J., Lusby, K.S. and Horn, G.W. 1983. Condensed molasses soluble corn steep liquor and fermented ammoniated condenced whey as protein sources for beef cattle grazing dormant native range. Journal of Animal Science, 57: 542-552.
  43. Wang, Y., Greer, D. and McAllister. T.A. 2003. Effects of moisture, roller setting, and saponin-based surfactant on barley processing, ruminal degradation of barley, and growth performance by feedlot steers. Journal of Animal Science, 81: 2145– 2154.
  44. Xie, X.X., Meng, Q.X., Liu, P., Wu, H., Li, S.R., Ren, L.P. and Li, X.Z. 2013. Effects of a mixture of steam-flaked corn and extruded soybeans on performance, ruminal development, ruminal fermentation, and intestinal absorptive capability in veal calves. Journal of Animal Science, 91: 4315–4321.
Journal of Ruminant Research
Volume 10, Issue 1
June 2022
Pages 1-16

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics