Effects of polyethylene glycol or activated sodium bentonite supplementation on vital signs, blood biochemical and hematological parameters of Saanen goats fed pistachio by-products under heat stress

Authors

1 Animal Sci Department, Yasouj Uni.

2 Anim Sci Dep. Ferdowsi Uni.

Abstract

Background and objectives: Recently, pistachio by-products (PBP) have been used to reduce production costs in ruminant nutrition. However, the tannins and phenolic compounds in PBP as anti-nutritional compounds limit the use of this agricultural by-product in ruminant diets. Therefore, nutritionists recommend the use of tannin-binding compounds such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) in diets with high tannins contain. It has also been shown that sodium bentonite can be used as a tannin inactivator in the diet of ruminants. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of polyethylene glycol or activated sodium bentonite (ASB) on feed intake, vital signs, biochemical and hematological parameters of Saanen goats fed pistachio by-products under heat stress.
Materials and Methods: Fifteen Saanen male goats were assigned to three treatment groups in a completely randomized design. The experimental period lasted 30 days (25 days for the period before heat stress and 5 days for heat stress). Three experimental diets consisted of a diet containing 30% DM pistachio by-products with no additive (control); the control diet supplemented with PEG at 1% of DM (PEG group), and the control diet supplemented with activated sodium bentonite at 1% of DM (ASB group). To measure dry matter intake, the amount of feed residue was recorded daily. Goats were also weighed at the end of each week to examine weight changes. To measure ruminal pH, on the last day of the experiment and 2 hours after morning feed consumption, ruminal pH was recorded with a pH meter. Heart rate, respiration rate (per minute), and rectal temperature were measured during the last three days of the stress period to record vital signs. Also, on the last day of the experiment, two series of blood samples (5 ml) were collected from the jugular vein to determine biochemical and hematological parameters. Data were statistically analyzed using GLM procedure and SAS 9.1 software.

Results: The results showed that the amount of DMI in the control treatment was higher than other groups (P <0.05). Rumen pH was not affected by treatments (P≤0.05). In terms of vital signs, heart rate and respiration in PEG treatment were higher than other treatments (P <0.05). No significant differences were observed between treatments in terms of blood biochemical parameters (P≤0.05). However, according to hematological parameters, the concentration of monocytes, eosinophils, and fibrinogen in PEG treatment were lower than other treatments (P <0.05). Besides, hormonal parameters showed that Cortisol concentration in PEG treatment was significantly higher than other groups (P <0.05).

Conclusion: In conclusion, the use of activated sodium bentonite in diets containing 30% PBP to feed goats under short-term heat stress can increase the monocyte concentration and strengthen the immune system in these animals without adversely affecting DMI, vital factors, and animal welfare.

Keywords

References

  1. Al-Busaidi, R., Johnson, E.H. and Mahgoub, O. 2008. Seasonal variations of phagocytic response, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and plasma cortisol levels in Dhofari goats. Small Ruminant Research, 79(2-3): 118-123.‏

    1. Al-Dawood, A. 2017. Towards heat stress management in small ruminants-a review. Annals of Animal Science, 17(1): 59.‏
    2. Aleena, J., Sejian, V., Krishnan, G., Bagath, M., Pragna, P. and Bhatta, R. 2020. Heat stress impact on blood biochemical response and plasma aldosterone level in three different indigenous goat breeds. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 8(4): 266-275.‏
    3. Aydin, Ö. D., Merhan O. and Yildiz G. 2020. The effect of sodium bentonite on growth performance and some blood parameters in post-weaning Tuj breed lambs. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 67(3): 235-241.‏
    4. Azadbakht, S., Khadem, A.A. and Norouzian, M.A. 2017. Bentonite supplementation can improve performance and fermentation parameters of chronic lead-exposed lambs. Environmental Science and Pollution, 24(6): 5426-5430.
    5. Dangi, S.S., Gupta, M., Maurya, D., Yadav, V.P., Panda, R.P., Singh, G. and Sarkar, M. 2012. Expression profile of HSP genes during different seasons in goats (Capra hircus). Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44(8): 1905-1912.‏
    6. Du Preez, J.H. 2000. Parameters for the determination and evaluation of heat stress in dairy cattle in South Africa.‏ Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 67: 263-271.
    7. Elbehri, A. 2015. Climate change and food systems: global assessments and implications for food security and trade. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).‏
    8. Forough Ameri N. and Shakeri P. 2008. Pistachio residues as feedstuff, challenges and opportunities for development. In Proc. 3nd National Congress of Recycling and Reuse of Renewable Organic Resources in Agriculture. IAU, Khorasgan, Isfahan, Iran.
    9. Frutos, P., Hervás, G., Giráldez, F.J. and Mantecó, A.R. 2004. Review: Tannins and ruminant nutrition. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2: 191-202.
    10. Ghandour, M.M.A., Fayed, A.M., Abdul-Aziz, G.M. and Hanafy, M.A. 2014. Effect of Using Polyethylene Glycol or Sodium Bentonite on Performance of Sheep Fed Acacia saligna. World Appllied Science Journal, 32(11): 2309-2316.
    11. Goli, A.H., Barzegar, M. and Sahari, M.A. 2005. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds of pistachio (Pistachia vera) hull extracts. Food chemistry, 92(3): 521-525.‏
    12. Gupta, M., Kumar, S., Dangi, S.S. and Jangir, B.L. 2013. Physiological, biochemical and molecular responses to thermal stress in goats. International Journal of Livestock Research, 3(2): 27-38.‏
    13. Hamzaoui, S.A.A.K., Salama, A.A.K., Albanell, E., Such, X. and Caja, G. 2013. Physiological responses and lactational performances of late-lactation dairy goats under heat stress conditions. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(10): 6355-6365.‏

    15.Helal, A., Hashem, A.L.S., Abdel-Fattah, M.S. and El-Shaer, H.M. 2010. Effect of heat stress on coat characteristics and physiological responses of Balady and Damascus goats in Sinai, Egypt. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 7(1): 60-69.‏

    16.Hosseinzadeh, H., Tabassi, S.A.S., Moghadam, N.M., Rashedinia, M. and Mehri, S. 2012. Antioxidant activity of Pistacia vera fruits, leaves and gum extracts. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 11(3): 879.‏

    1. Liu, H., Li, K., Mingbin, L., Zhao, J. and Xiong, B. 2016. Effects of chestnut tannins on the meat quality, welfare, and antioxidant status of heat-stressed lambs. Meat Science, 116: 236-242.‏

    18.Mlambo, V. and Mapiye, C. 2015. Towards household food and nutrition security in semi-arid areas: What role for condensed tannin-rich ruminant feedstuffs. Food Research International, 76: 953-961.‏

    19.Mahgoub, O., Kadim, I.T., Tageldin, M.H., Al-Marzooqi, W.S., Khalaf, S.Q. and Ali, A.A. 2008. Clinical profile of sheep fed non-conventional feeds containing phenols and condensed tannins. Small Ruminant Research, 78(1-3): 115-122.‏

    20.Makkar, H.P.S. 2000. Quantification of tannins in tree foliage. In a laboratory manual for the FAO/IAEA coordinated research project on use of nuclear and related technique to develop simple tannin assays for predicting and improving the safety and efficiency of feeding ruminants on tanniniferous tree foliage. Joint FAO/IAEA, FAO/IAEA of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. Animal Production and Health Sub-program, FAO/IAEA Working Document IAEA, Vienna, Austria.

    21.Mohamad, S.S. 2012. Effect of level of feeding and season on rectal temperature and blood metabolites in desert rams. Academic journal of Nutrition, 1: 14-18.‏

    22.Mohammed, S.A., Razzaque, M.A., Omar, A.E., Albert, S. and Al-Gallaf, W.M. 2016. Biochemical and haematological profile of different breeds of goat maintained under intensive production system. African Journal of Biotechnology, 15(24): 1253-1257.

    23.Morais, D.A. E.F., Maia, A.S.C., Silva, R.G.D., Vasconcelos, A.M.D., Lima, P.D.O. and Guilhermino, M. M. 2008. Variação anual de hormônios tireoideanos e características termorreguladoras de vacas leiteiras em ambiente quente. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 37: 538-545.‏

    24.Ocak, S., Darcan, N., Cankaya, S. and Inal, T.C. 2009. Physiological and biochemical responses in German Fawn kids subjected to cooling treatments under Mediterranean climate conditions. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 33(6): 455-461.‏

    25.Okoruwa, M.I. 2014. Effect of heat stress on thermoregulatory, live bodyweight and physiological responses of dwarf goats in southern Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 10(27).‏

    26.Provenza, F.D., Burritt, E.A., Clausen, T.P., Bryant, J.P., Reichardt, P.B. and Distel, R.A. 1990. Conditioned flavor aversion: Amechanism for goats to avoid condensed tannins in blackbrush. The American Naturalist, 136: 810–828.

    27.Ribeiro, M.N., Ribeiro, N.L., Bozzi, R. and Costa, R.G. 2018. Physiological and biochemical blood variables of goats subjected to heat stress–a review. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 46(1): 1036-1041.‏

    28.Rojas-Downing, M. M., Nejadhashemi, A.P., Harrigan, T. and Woznicki, S. A. 2017. Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Climate Risk Management, 16: 145-163.‏

    29.Ronchi, B., Stradaioli, G., Supplizi, A.V., Bernabucci, U., Lacetera, N., Accorsi, P. A. and Seren, E. (2001). Influence of heat stress or feed restriction on plasma progesterone, oestradiol-17β, LH, FSH, prolactin and cortisol in Holstein heifers. Livestock Production Science, 68(2-3): 231-241.‏

    30.Özbek, H. N., Halahlih, F., Göğüş, F., Yanık, D K. and Azaizeh, H. 2020. Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Hull as a potential source of phenolic compounds: Evaluation of ethanol–water binary solvent extraction on antioxidant activity and phenolic content of pistachio hull extracts. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 11(5): 2101-2110.‏

    31.Sahin, K. and Kucuk, O. 2003. Heat stress and dietary vitamin supplementation of poultry diets. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews Series B: Livestock Feeds and Feeding. 73: 41-50.

    32.Sarteshnizi, R. A., Sahari, M. A., Gavlighi, H. A., Regenstein, J. M. and Nikoo, M. 2019. Antioxidant activity of Sind sardine hydrolysates with pistachio green hull (PGH) extracts. Food bioscience, 27: 37-45.‏

    33.Sedighi-Vesagh, R., Naserian, A.A., Ghaffari, M.H. and Petit, H.V. 2014. Effects of pistachio by-products on digestibility, milk production, milk fatty acid profile and blood metabolites in Saanen dairy goats. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 99: 777-787.

    34.Sejian, V., Srivastava, R.S. and Varshney, V.P. 2008. Pineal-adrenal relationship: modulating effects of glucocorticoids on pineal function to ameliorate thermal-stress in goats. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 21(7): 988-994.‏

    35.Sejian, V. and Srivastava, R. S. 2010. Effects of melatonin on adrenal cortical functions of Indian goats under thermal stress. Veterinary medicine international,‏ https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/348919.

    36.Sejian, V., Naqvi, S.M.K., Ezeji, T., Lakritz, J. and Lal, R. (Eds.). 2012. Environmental stress and amelioration in livestock production. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.‏

    37.Sejian, V., Indu, S. and Naqvi, S.M.K. 2013. Impact of short term exposure to different environmental temperature on the blood biochemical and endocrine responses of Malpura ewes under semi-arid tropical environment. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 83(11): 1155-1160.‏

    38.Seied Moemen S.M. 2003. Study of the effects of different levels of Pistachio byproducts on the performance of Raini Goat. MS Thesis. Tehran Uni., Karaj, Iran.

    39.Sharma, A. K. and Nalini, K. 2011. Effect of extreme hot climate on liver and serum enzymes in Marwari goats. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 81(3): 293-295.‏

    40.Silanikove, N., Gilboa, N., Nir, I., Perevolotsky, A. and Nitsan, Z. 1996. Effect of a daily supplementation of polyethylene glycol on intake and digestion of tannin-containing leaves (Quercus calliprinos, Pistacia lentiscus, and Ceratonia siliqua) by goats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 44(1)L 199-205.‏

    1. Silanikove, N. and Koluman, N. 2015. Impact of climate change on the dairy industry in temperate zones: predications on the overall negative impact and on the positive role of dairy goats in adaptation to earth warming. Small Ruminant Research. 123(1): 27-34.‏
    2. Sirois M. 1995. Veterinary Clinical Laboratory Procedure. Mosby Year Book, Inc. St Louis, Missouri., USA.
    3. Sivakumar, A. V. N., Singh, G. and Varshney, V. P. 2010. Antioxidants supplementation on acid base balance during heat stress in goats. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 23(11): 1462-1468.‏
    4. Smith, B. P. 2007.Large Animal Internal Medicine.5th ed. Elsevier Science Health Science Division.
Journal of Ruminant Research
Volume 9, Issue 4
February 2022
Pages 81-96

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics