Effects of adding pomegranate peel to diets containing different fatty acid sources on nutrients intake and chewing behavior of primiparous Holstein cows

Authors

1 Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan

2 Assistant Prof, Animal Science Research Dept., Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Areeo, Isfahan

Abstract

Background and objective: Primiparous cows are generally more sensitive to low pH, higher concentrations of volatile fatty acids, and postpartum ruminal acidosis than multiparous cows, possibly due to differences in feeding patterns and variation in nutrient intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ratio of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in diets with or without pomegranate peel as a rich source of antioxidants, on nutrient intake, chewing behavior, and sorting activity of primiparous Holstein cows.
Materials and methods: Primiparous Holstein cows (n = 12) were randomly divided into a Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each period lasted 28 days with 21 days of adaptation to the diet and 7 days for data collection and sampling. The diet (1.5% dry matter) contained calcium salts of fish oil (CAFO) or palmitic acid-enriched fat (PAF) with (+ PP, 8.7% dry matter) or without (-PP) pomegranate peel.
Results: Fats and nonstructural carbohydrate intakes were greater in palmitic acid-enriched fat -fed cows than
calcium salts of fish oil -fed cows. Also, intake of dry matter, energy, organic matter, protein, neutral detergent fiber, nonstructural carbohydrate and fats in cows supplemented with +PP diets were greater than cows fed –PP diets. Consumption of particles retained on 8-mm sieve, pan, peNDF8 in cows on +PP diets were greater than those in -PP cows. Cows fed palmitic acid-enriched fat treatment had less rumination time per kg of neutral detergent fiber, peNDF8 and peNDF1.18 than calcium salts of fish oil -fed cows. Also, palmitic acid-enriched fat treated cows had less chewing time per kg of peNDF8 and peNDF1.18 than cows in calcium salts of fish oil treatments. Sorting activity against long particle and peNDF1.18 and in favor of medium particle were higher in cows fed –PP diets than those in cows fed +PP treatments. Eating meal number per day increased and time between meals and duration of each meal decreased in –PP-fed cows than those in +PP-fed cows. Rumination and chewing time per kg of peNDF1.18 intakes were greater in –PP cows than +PP cows.
Conclusion: Under the conditions of this experiment and in primiparous cows, palmitic acid-enriched fat -fed cows had less chewing and rumination times per kg of peNDF intake than calcium salts of fish oil treatment however, the sorting activity and chewing pattern were not affected. Pomegranate peel increased nutrients intake, reduced sorting against long portions and fiber, as well as reduced the meals number and increased the duration of each meal.

Keywords

References

  1. 1.Adams, L.S., Seeram, N.P., Aggarwal, B.B., Takada, Y., Sand, D. and Heber, D. 2006. Pomegranate juice, total pomegranate ellagitannins, and punicalagin suppress inflammatory cell signaling in colon cancer cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54:980-985.

    2.Allen, M.S. 2000. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 83:1598-1624.

    3.Bertoni, G., Minuti, A. and Trevisi, E. 2015. Immune system, inflammation and nutrition in dairy cattle. Animal Production Science. 55:943-948.

    4.Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E. and Berset, C. 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 28:25-30.

    5.Broderick, G., Wallace, R. and Ørskov, E. 1991. Control of rate and extent of protein degradation Physiological aspects of digestion and metabolism in ruminants, Elsevier. Pp:541-592.

    6.Beauchemin, A., Yang, K.A. and  Rode, W.Z. 2003. Effects of particle size of alfalfa-based dairy cow diets on chewing activity, ruminal fermentation, and milk production. Journal of Dairy Science. 86:630643.

    7.Calder, P.C. 2008. The relationship between the fatty acid composition of immune cells and their function. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 79:101-108.

    8.Chemists, A.O.A. 2002. Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC International. Arlington.

    9.Coronado, S.A., Trout, G.R., Dunshea, F.R. and Shah, N.P. 2002. Antioxidant effects of rosemary extract and whey powder on the oxidative stability of wiener sausages during 10 months frozen storage. Journal of  Meat Science. 62:217-224.

    10.Dantzer, R. and Kelley, K.W. 2007. Twenty years of research on cytokine-induced sickness behavior. Journal of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 21:153-160.

    11.De Souza, J. and Lock, A. 2018. Comparison of a palmitic acid-enriched triglyceride supplement and calcium salts of palm fatty acids supplement on production responses of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 101:3110-3117.

    12.Donovan, D., Schingoethe, D., Baer, R., Ryali, J., Hippen, A. and Franklin, S. 2000. Influence of dietary fish oil on conjugated linoleic acid and other fatty acids in milk fat from lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 83:2620-2628.

    13.Eckel, E.F. and Ametaj, B.N. 2016. Invited review: Role of bacterial endotoxins in the etiopathogenesis of periparturient diseases of transition dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 99:5967-5990.

    14.Fadavi, Barzegar, A. and Hossein Azizi, M. 2006. Determination of fatty acids and total lipid content in oilseed of 25 pomegranates varieties grown in Iran. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 19:676–680.

    15.Ghasemi, E., Golabadi, D. and Piadeh, A. 2020. Effect of supplementing palmitic acid and altering the dietary ratio of n-6: n-3 fatty acids in low-fibre diets on production responses of dairy cows. British Journal of Nutrition. 1-11.

    16.Guo, Y., Xu, X., Zou,Y., Yang, Z., Li, S. and Cao, Z. 2013. Changes in feed intake, nutrient digestion, plasma metabolites, and oxidative stress parameters in dairy cows with subacute ruminal acidosis and its regulation with pelleted beet pulp. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 4:1-10.

    17.Harvatine, K. and Allen, M. 2006. Effects of fatty acid supplements on feed intake, and feeding and chewing behavior of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 89:1104-1112.

    18.Jami, E., Shabtay, A., Nikbachat, M., Yosef, E., Miron, J. and Mizrahi, I. 2012. Effects of adding a concentrated pomegranate-residue extract to the ration of lactating cows on in vivo digestibility and profile of rumen bacterial population. Journal of Dairy Science. 95:5996-6005.

    19.Johnson, R. and Finck, B. 2001. Tumor necrosis factor α and leptin: Two players in an animal's metabolic and immunologic responses to infection. Journal of Animal Science. 79:118-127.

    20.Kargar, S., Ghorbani, G., Khorvash, M., Kamalian, E. and Schingoethe, D. 2013. Dietary grain source and oil supplement: Feeding behavior and lactational performance of Holstein cows. Livestock Science. 157:162-172.

    1. Kargar, S., Khorvash, M., Ghorbani, G., Alikhani, M. and Yang, W. 2010. Effects of dietary fat supplements and forage: concentrate ratio on feed intake, feeding, and chewing behavior of Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science.93:4297-4301.

    22.Kononoff, P.J., Heinrichs, A.J. and Buckmaster, D.R. 2003. Modification of the Penn State forage and total mixed ration particle separator and the effects of moisture content on its measurements. Journal of Dairy Science. 86:1858–1863.

    23.Krause, K.M., Combs, D.K., and Beauchemin, K.A. 2003. Effects of increasing levels of refined cornstarch in the diet of lactating dairy cows on performance and ruminal pH. Journal of Dairy Science. 86:1341–1353.

    24.Khorsandi, S., Riasi, A., Khorvash, M. and Hashemzadeh, F. 2019. Nutrients digestibility, metabolic parameters and milk production in postpartum Holstein cows fed pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) by-products silage under heat stress condition. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology. 255:114213.

    25.Kinsella, J. and Gross, M. 1973. Palmitic acid and initiation of mammary glyceride synthesis via phosphatidic acid. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Lipids and Lipid Metabolism. 316:109-113.

    1. Lammers, B., Buckmaster, D. and Heinrichs, A.J. 1996. A simple method for the analysis of particle sizes of forage and total mixed rations. Journal of Dairy Science. 79:922-928.

    27.Leonardi, C. and Armentano, L. 2003. Effect of quantity, quality, and length of alfalfa hay on selective consumption by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 86:557-564.

    28.Makkar, H. 2000. A laboratory manual for the FAO/IAEA co-ordinated research project on ‘Use of Nuclear and Related Techniques to Develop Simple Tannin Assays for Predicting and Improving the Safety and Efficiency of Feeding Ruminants on Tanniniferous Tree Foliage’. Animal Production and Health Sub-Progrmme, FAO/IAEA Working Document, IAEA, Vienna, Austria.

    29.Moallem, U. 2018. Invited review: Roles of dietary n-3 fatty acids in performance, milk fat composition, and reproductive and immune systems in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 101:8641-8661.

    30.Munksgaard, L. and Simonsen, H.B. 1996. Behavioral and pituitary adrenal-axis responses of dairy cows to social isolation and deprivation of lying down. Journal of Animal Science. 74:769-778.

    31.Moussavi, A. H., Gilbert, R., Overton, T., Bauman, D. and Butler, W. 2007. Effects of feeding fish meal and n-3 fatty acids on milk yield and metabolic responses in early lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 90:136-144.

    32.Nasrollahi, S., Khorvash, M., Ghorbani, G., Teimouri-Yansari, A., Zali, A. and Zebeli, Q. 2012. Grain source and marginal changes in forage particle size modulate digestive processes and nutrient intake of dairy cows. Animal. 6:1237-1245.

    33.Oliveira, R.A., Narciso, C.D., Bisinotto, R.S., Perdomo, M.C., Ballou, M.A., Dreher, M. and Santos, J.E.P. 2010. Effects of feeding polyphenols from pomegranateextract on health, growth, nutrient digestion, and immunocompetence of calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 93:4280–4291.

    34.Pirondini, M., Colombini, S., Mele, M., Malagutti, L., Rapetti, L., Galassi, G. and Crovetto, G. 2015. Effect of dietary starch concentration and fish oil supplementation on milk yield and composition, diet digestibility, and methane emissions in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 98:357-372.

    35.Rabiee, A., Breinhild, K., Scott, W., Golder, H., Block, E. and Lean, I. 2012. Effect of fat additions to diets of dairy cattle on milk production and components: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. Journal of Dairy Science. 95:3225-3247.

    36.Safari, M., Ghasemi, E., Alikhani, M. and Ansari-Mahyari, S. 2018. Supplementation effects of pomegranate by-products on oxidative status, metabolic profile, and performance in transition dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 101:11297-11309.

    37.Shabtay, A., Eitam, H., Tadmor, Y., Orlov, A., Meir, A., Weinberg, P., Weinberg, Z.G., Brosh, Y.A. and Izhaki, I. 2008. Nutritive and antioxidative potential of fresh and stored pomegranate industrial byproduct as a novel beef cattle feed. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56:10063-10070.

    38.Shaani, Y., Eliyahu, D., Mizrahi, I., Yosef, E., Ben-Meir, Y., Nikbachat, M., Solomon, R., Mabjeesh, S.J. and Miron, J. 2016. Effect of feeding ensiled mixture of pomegranate pulp and drier feeds on digestibility and milk performance in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 83:35.

    39.Spears, J.W. and Weiss, W.P. 2008. Role of antioxidants and trace elements in health and immunity of transition dairy cows. The Veterinary Journal. 176:70-76.

    40.Van Soest, P.V., Robertson, J. and Lewis, B. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:3583-97.

    41.Webb, A.R. and Holick, M.F. 1988. The role of sunlight in the cutaneous production of vitamin D3. Annual Review of Nutrition. 8:375-399.

    42.Wood, J.D. and Enser, M. 1997. Factors influencing fatty acids in meat and the role of antioxidants in improving meat quality. British Journal of Nutrition. 78:49-60.

    43.Zhu, L., Jones, C., Guo, Q., Lewis, L., Stark, C.R. and Alavi, S. 2016. An evaluation of total starch and starch gelatinization methodologies in pelleted animal feed. Journal of Animal Science. 94:1501-1507.

Journal of Ruminant Research
Volume 9, Issue 3
December 2021
Pages 59-74

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics