The survey of ensiling duration of total mixed rations with different levels of pistachio peeling residues on chemical composition, fermentation characteristics and gas production by in vitro method

Authors

1 Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Animal Science Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran,

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran

4 PhD student, Department of Animal Science Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran

Abstract

Abstract
Background and objectives: Total mixed rations silage (TMRS) from high-moisture agricultural residues can be a suitable alternative for better feed management, preserving nutritional value, and enhancing the performance of ruminants. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ensiling time of TMRS with different levels of pistachio peeling residues (PPR) on the chemical composition, fermentation characteristics and gas production by using in vitro method.
Materials and methods: The rations with 60% fodder material and 40% concentrate based on dry matter (DM), with different levels of PPR (providing 55% moisture and 45% DM), were mixed then they were ensiled in experimental silos with a weight capacity of 2 kg. Experimental diets included: 1) TMRS without PPR (control diet), 2) TMRS with 5% PPR, 3) TMRS with 10% PPR, and 4) TMRS with 15% PPR. After 30, 45, and 60 days, the silos were opened and sensory assessment, silage characteristics, and pH of silages were immediately assessed. The silages DM, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ammonia nitrogen and lactic acid were measured. The gas production volume of the silages was measured, and then gas production parameter (dry matter intake, short-chain fatty acids, and digestibility of DM and organic matter) at different ensiling times were determined.
Results: The results of this study indicated that the DM content of rations containing 10% and 15% PPR decreased after ensiling for 60 days (P<0.05). The EE percentage of TMRS was lower at days 60 after ensiling compared to days 30 and 45. The highest amount of NDF was observed in rations containing 0% and 10% PPR at 45 days after ensiling (P<0.05). Additionally, with increasing ensiling duration, the ADF in all rations increased (P<0.05). The concentration of lactic acid and the fleig point at all levels of PPR were influenced by ensiling time, with the highest levels observed at 30 days after ensiling (P<0.05). Also, the pH level increased with increasing ensiling duration at all levels of PPR (P<0.05). After 60 days of ensiling, the level of ammonia nitrogen in the TMRS was at its highest (P<0.05). With increasing ensiling time, no difference was observed in the gas production volume and parameters under in vitro conditions.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that despite increasing the ensiling duration from 30 to 45 days, the silage characteristics and digestibility of TMRS with different levels of PPR were optimal under in vitro conditions. Therefore, TMRS containing 10% PPR, with a silage duration of 45 days, can be used in animal nutrition.

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Main Subjects

References

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Journal of Ruminant Research
Volume 13, Issue 1
May 2025
Pages 107-127

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