Nutritional value of total mixed ration silage based on the fodder beet and corn forage in Shal sheep

Authors

1 Professor of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Department, Animal Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Breeding Research, Sugar Beet Seed Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

3 Associate Professor of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Department, Animal Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension OrganizationOrganization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

4 Researcher of Animal Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization

Abstract

Background and objectives: Du to limitation of feed resources in Iran, recently research workers tried to find new feed resources, where they introduce new fodder beet varieties to farmers. Regarding the characteristics of the fodder beet, it must be preserved as silage for progressively use in animal feeding, but no appropriate technology was stablished for ensiling of fodder beet. Ensiling is the well nown technology for preserving of fresh forages, but it is difficult to ensile the fodder beet, because of very low dry matter (DM) content. However, using additives (dry roughages and concentrates) as total mixed ration may be applied as a technology for preserving fodder beet silage. Therefore, this research was conducted to prepared a total mixed ration (TMR) silage based on fodder beet in comparison to corn silage and determine their nutritive values in sheep.



Materials and methods: Three experimental diets including: 1) TMR based on corn silage (CTMR), 2) TMR silage (CTMRS) based on similar formula of treatment 1 and 3) TMR silage based on fodder beet (FBTMRS) were prepared. Digestibility and voluntary intake of the treatment diets were determined with three treatments and five replicates by in vivo method, using of 5 mature male Shal sheep (with 5 years old age and 80 kg body weight).



Results: The DM contents of the CTMRS and FBTMRS waere 40 and 39.7 percent with pH of 3.95 and 4.06 respectivly. Average daily DM intake (DMI) was 1294g in control, 1301g in CTMRS but 1579g in FBTMRS that were significantly higher (P<0.05) in FBTMRS. Organic matter (OM) intake was significantly (p<0.05) higher (1450 vs 1206 and 1214 g) for the FBTMRS than the other treatments. Similar trend was obsereved when the intake was calculated based on methabolic body weight. Digestibility of DM, OM, organic mater in dry mater (DOMD) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were respectively 71.6, 74, 69.1 and 51.5 percent for CTMRS that were statistically (p<0.05) higher than those of the other treatments but no differences were obtained between the control and FBTMRS. The rumen pH, was affected (p<0.05) by the treatments before morning feeding so that it was the lowest in control, but the highest in FBTMRS (6.11 vs 6.85 and 7.01). However, rumen pH was not varied between the treatments at 3h and 6h post feeding. The rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) showed an increasing tendency in all treatments from morning feedint to 3h post feeding with the highest amount for treatment FBTMRS (from 17.85 to 32.89 mg/dL) and the lowest for the control (from 13.35 to 31.32 mg/dL) but it showed a decreasing trend from 3h to 6h post feeding with slower tendency for the treatment FBTMRS.



Conclusion: Results of the experimental diets on sheep nutrition indicated that, the highest DM and OM intake was obtained when the animals received TMR silage based on the fodder beet. However, the TMR corn silage showed the highest nutrients digestibility that may be due to the nutritional improvement during the silage fermentation and preservation. Improvement the nutrients digestibility of TMR corn silage is considered as an advantage when compared to the normal TMR (contained corn silage). Therefore, TMR silage based on corn forage recommended as superior treatment in this study. However, practicing and utilization of TMR silage based on the fodder beet is recommended, where the fodder beet is available.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Aleixo, J.A., Daza, J., Keim, J.P., Castillo, I. and Pulido, R.G. 2022. Effects of sugar beet silage, high-moisturecCorn, and corn silage feed supplementation on the performance of dairy cows with restricted daily access to pasture. Animals, 12(19): 2-11.
Almaz, A., Tamir, B. and Melaku. S. 2012. Feed intake, digestibility and live weight change of lambs fed finger millet (Eleusine coracana) straw supplemented with atella, noug seed (Guizotia abyssinica) cake and their mixtures. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica, 45(3):105-111.
AOAC. 1999. Official Method of Analysis, 15th Edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA.

Broderick, G.A. and Kang, J.H. 1980. Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 53(1): 4-75.

Cao, Y., Takahashi, T., Horiguchi, K., Yoshida, N. and Cai, Y. 2010. Methane emissions from sheep fed fermented or non-fermented total mixed ration containing whole-crop rice and rice bran. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 157: 72-78.
Dalley, D.E., Eswards, J.P. and Roshean, R. 2020. Impact of winter fodder beet or kale allocation on body condition score gain and early lactation performance of dairy cows. Journal of New Zealand Grasslands, 82: 73-81.
Dulphy, J.P. and Demarquilly, C. 2000. Fodder beets in animal husbandry. Fourrages, 163: 307-314.
Fazaeli, H. 2023. Total Mixed Ration Silage, New Technology in Animal Feeding Management, 2nd Edddition. Animal Science Research Institute of Iran. Press, 220p. (In Persian).
Fazaeli, H., Aliverdinasab, R., Ebrahimi, D., Sarmadi, A. and Golbahkt, A.R. 2023. Determination nutritive value of TMR silage based on the fresh citrus pulp in sheep. Animal Science Journal. (In Press).
 Fauchon, C., Seoane, J.R. and Bernier, J.F. 1995. Effects of dietary cation–anion concentrations on performance and acid–base balance in growing lambs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 75(1): 145-151.
 Feyz, M. and Ghorchi, T. 2022. Evaluation of parameters of degradability of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber of three forages alfalfa, wheat straw and corn silage using Norfur system. Research On Animal Production, 12(34): 70-77. (In Persian).
Flachowsky, G., Koch, H., Tiroke, K. and Matthey, M. 1993. Influence of the ratio between wheat straw and ground barley, ground corn or dried sugar beet pulp on in sacco dry matter degradation of ryegrass and wheat straw, rumen fermentation and apparent digestibility in sheep. Archiv für Tierernaehrung, 43(2): 157-167.
Hartnell, G.F., Hvelplund, T. and Weisbjerg, M.R.  2005. Nutrient digestibility in sheep fed diets containing roundup ready or conventional fodder beet, sugar beet, and beet pulp. Journal of Animal Science, 83:400-407.
Jonker, A., Scobie, D., Dynes, R., Edwards, G., Klein, C., Hague, H., McAuliffe, R., Taylor, A., Knight, T. and Waghorn, G. 2017. Feeding diets with fodder beet decreased methane emissions from dry and lactating dairy cows in grazing systems. Animal Production Science, 57(7): 1445-1450.

Kalantar, M. Yeganehparast, M., Fazaeli, H. Aghashahi, A. and Khojastehkey, M. 2022. Investigation of the physical and chemical characteristics of ensiled fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) with and without Lactobacillus buchneri. Animal Production Research, 11(1): 79-90.(In Persian).

Karimi, A.H., Solhjoo, A., Abarghuei, M.J., Amiri-Ghanatsaman, Z. and Bazrafshan, M. 2021. The effect of using different levels fodder beet silage on performance and carcass characteristics of Gray Shirazi fattening lambs. Research On Animal Production, 12(33): 74-81.(In Persian).

Karimi, A.H., Abarghuei, M.J., Solhjoo, A., Bazrafshan, M., Izadi, G.A. and Hashemi S.M.R. 2020. Study the nutritivev value of whole fodder beet and its silage. Proceeding of the first national congress of little irrigation and use of nonconventional water in agriculture in dry areas. (In Persian).

Kondo, M., Shimizu, K., Jayanegara, A., Mishima, T., Matsui, H., Karita, S., Gotoa, M. and Fujihara, T. 2016. Changes in nutrient composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of total mixed ration silage stored at different temperatures and periods. Journal of Science Food Agriculture, 96(4):1175-1180.
Kung, L., Shaver, R.D., Grant, R.J. and Shmidt, R.J. 2018. Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5): 4020-4033.
Logand, S.F., Menneer, J.C., Dexter, M.M., Kear, M.J. Lindsey, S., Peters, J.S. and Pocheco, D. 2008. A novel concept to reduce nitrogen losses from grazing pastures by administrating soil nitrogen process inhibitors to ruminant animals: A study with sheep. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 125(1-4): 148-158.
MAFF: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 1975. Energy allowances and feeding systems for ruminants. Technical Bulletin 33, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London.
McGregor, L.R., Page, C.M., Stewart, W.C. and Emon, M.L. 2018. Effects of sugar beets on steer backgrounding performance, sheep nutrient metabolism, and rumen fermentation characteristics, Journal of Agricultural Studies, 6(3): 190-205.
Miyaji, M., Matsuyama, H. and Nonaka, K. 2017. Effect of ensiling process of total mixed ration on fermentation profile, nutrient loss and in situ ruminal degradation characteristics of diet. Animal Science Journal, 88: 134-139.
Miyaji, M. and Nonaka, K. 2018. Effects of altering total mixed ration conservation method when feeding dry-rolled versus steam-flaked hulled rice on lactation and digestion in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 101: 5092-5101.
Ning, T., Wang, H., Zheng, M., Niu, D., Zuo, S. and Xu, C. 2017. Effects of microbial enzymes on starch and hemicellulose degradation in total mixed ration silages. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 30(2): 171-180.
Pacheco, D., Muetzel, S., Lewis, S., Dalley, D., Bryant, M. and Waghorn, G.C. 2020.  Rumen digesta and products of fermentation in cows fed varying proportions of fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) with fresh pasture or silage or straw. Animal Production Science, 60(4): 524-534.
Papi, N., Akbari, M., Fazaeli, H., Piry, H., Alinejad, B. and Tavakoly, M. 2022. Comparing of total mixed ration silge with control diet in performance of fattening lambs. Final Report of Research Project. Animal Science Research Institute of Iran. (In Persian).
Rahnema, S.H. and Fontenot, J.P. 1986. Effect of potassium on association of minerals with various fractions of digesta and feces of sheep fed hay. Journal of Animal Science, 63(5): 1491-1501.
Santana Neto, J.A., Oliveira, J.S., Oliveira, C.G.B., Santos, C.M., Costa, E.C.B., Saraiva, C.A.S. and Pinho, R.M.A. 2019. Ammonia levels on in vitro degradation of fibrous carbohydrates from buffel grass. South African Journal of Animal Science, 49(3): 586-597.
Santos, A.C.S., Santos, S.A., Carvalho, G.G.P., Mariz, L.D.S., Tosto, M.S.L., Filho, S.C. and Azevedo, J.A.G. 2018. A comparative study on the excretion of urinary metabolites in goats and sheep to evaluate spot sampling applied to protein nutrition trials. Journal of Animal Science, 96:3381-3397.
Shakeri, P., Fazeli, H., Aghashahi, A.R. and Shakeri. A.A. 2022. Effects of using ensiled total mixed ration based on fodder beet on performance, digestibility, and blood parameters in fattening Zell lambs. Journal of Ruminant Research, 9(4): 97-108. (In Persian).
Silva, L.D., Pereira, O.G., Silva, T.C., Filho, S.V., Rebrio, K.G. and Santos, S.A. 2018. Intake, apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation and nitrogen efficiency in sheep fed a tropical legume silage with or without concentrate. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 90(4): 3551-3557.
Tharangani, R.M.H., Yakun, C., Zhao, L.S., Ma, L., Liu, H.L., Su, S.L., Shan, L., Yang, Z.N., Kononoff, P.J., Weiss, W.P. and Bu, D.P. 2021. Corn silage quality index: An index combining milk yield, silage nutritional and fermentation parameters. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 273:1-13.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.D. and Lewis, B.A. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber. Neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharide in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597.
Wang, H., Ning, T., Hao, W., Zheng, M. and Xu, C. 2015. Dynamics associated with prolonged ensiling and aerobic deterioration of total mixed ration silage containing whole crop corn. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 29:62-72.
Wang, K., Nan, X., Zhao, P., Liu, W., Drackley, J.K., Liu, S., Zhang, K. and Bu, D. 2018. Effects of low dietary cation-anion difference induced by ruminal ammonium chloride infusion on performance, serum, and urine metabolites of lactating dairy cows. Asian-Australas Journal of Animal Science, 31(5): 677-685.
Waghorn, G.C., Law, M. Bryant, M., Pacheco, A.D. and Dalley, D. 2018. Digestion and nitrogen excretion by Holstein–Friesian cows in late lactation offered ryegrass-based pasture supplemented with fodder beet. Animal Production Science, 59(7): 1261-1270.
Weinberg, Z., Chen, Y., Miron, D., Raviv, Y., Nahim, E., Bloch, A., Yosef, E., Nikbahat, M. and Miron, J. 2011. Preservation of total mixed rations for dairy cows in bales wrapped with polyethylene stretch film. A commercial scale experiment. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 164:125-129.
Xu, Y., Li, Z., Moraes, L.E., Shen, J., Yu, Z. and Zhu, W. 2019. Effects of incremental urea supplementation on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestion, plasma metabolites, and growth performance in fattening lambs. Animals, 9: 2-12.
Yaganehparast, M., Kalantar-Neyestanaki, M., Fazaeli, H., Aghashshi, A., Khojastehkey, M., Sadeghzadeh, S.S. and Kadkhodaie, A. 2022. The effect of adding wheat straw and Lactobacillus buchneri on the quality of fodder beet silage in polyethylene bags. Animal Science Journal (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi), 135: 133-146. (In Persian).
Yalchi, T., Seifdavati, J. and Seyed Sharifi, R. 2020. Effect of Nutrient Synchrony on Ruminal Fermentation, Microbial Protein Synthesis and Nitrogen Balance in Sheep. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 12(1): 19-33 (In Persian).
Yolcu, S., Alavilli, H., Ganesh, P., Panigrahy, M. and Song, K. 2021. Salt and drought stress responses in cultivated beets (Beta vulgaris L.) and wild beet (Beta maritima L.) Plants, 0(9):1-27.
Zahedi-Moghadam, P., Arash Azarfar, A. and Azizi, A. 2023. Effects of different carbohydrate sources on the performance, ruminal and blood metabolites and nutrients digestibility in fattening male-lambs fed corn steep liquor. Journal of Livestock Science and Technology, 11(1): 21-28
Žnidaršič, T., Verbič, J., Babnik, D. and Velikonja-Bolta, S. 2010. The effect of supplementing highly wilted grass silage with maize silage, fodder beet or molasses on degradation of the diets and the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of sheep. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 9: 449-459.