Influence of processing type and level of flaxseed on the nutrient digestibility and blood parameters and safety of infant calves

Authors

1 Professor Dept. of Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

2 Dept. Animal and Poultry Nutrition, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resoureces

3 Gorgan University

Abstract

Background and objectives: Flax products (seeds and meal) are one of the sources of energy and protein for ruminants. Flaxseed is an vegetable oil that contains 45-40% of oil and 23-30% of protein. In addition to extracting oil, its meal can be used as a protein source in animal feed diets. Although flaxseed is a very inexpensive and affordable source of omega-3s, more than 50 percent of its fatty acids are made from alpha-linolenic acid, but it cannot be used at high levels due to its anti-nutritional properties. Flaxseed processing improves nutrient consumption while reducing the negative effects of anti-nutritional substances such as lintine and makes food more palatable. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of processing type and level of flaxseed on the nutrient digestibility and blood parameters and safety of infant calves.

Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of processing type and flaxseed level on the digestibility of nutrients and blood parameters and safety of infant calves, was used from 20 newborn Holstein male (with an initial weight of 41±5.4 kg). This experiment was performed in the form of a 2 × 2 factorial design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments included: 1- Treatments containing 5% micronized flaxseed, 2- Treatment containing 10% micronized flaxseed, 3- Treatment containing 5% extruded flaxseed and 4- Treatment containing 10% extruded flaxseed. The rations were provided to calves as pellets and were adjusted. The entire trial period was 60 days, including 14 days of habituation. Feed and fecal samples were collected in the last 5 days of each treatment period to determine nutrient digestibility. On the last day of the blood test, each of the treatments was performed to determine blood and immune parameters. Flaxseed replaced corn and soybean meal in the starter diet. Given that the effect of treatments on the amount of dry matter, daily weight gain, final weight of calves and also due to improved digestibility of nutrients was not significant, It is recommended to use flaxseed in the diet of infant calves at the level of 5% as a source of energy and protein.
Results: Based on the results of this experiment, different levels of processed grains had a significant effect on the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, insoluble fiber in neutral detergent, insoluble fiber in acidic detergent and crude fat (P <0.05). so that the highest digestibility of nutrients belonged to treatments containing 10% extruded flax and 10% micronized flaxseed. Also Experimental treatments also had a significant effect on blood urea nitrogen (P <0.05), but other blood and immune supplements such as cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, crude protein, albumin, HDL, LDL, VLDL, IGG, and the number of blood cells White, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes were not affected by experimental treatments (P <0.05).

Conclusion: Considering that the results of this experiment show that using processed flaxseed at the 10% level improves the digestibility of nutrients, We can use 10% extruded flaxseed as a source of energy and protein in the diets of infants.

Keywords


  1. Ababakri, R., Riyasi, A., Fathi, M.H and Naeimipoor, H. 2009. The effect of adding peppermint essential oil to the starting concentrate of Holstein infant formulas on rumen fermentation parameters and their performance. Bachelor's Thesis, Birjand University. 87 pages. (In Persian ).
  2. Agboofa, H., Cahill, V., Conrad, H., Ockerman, H., Parker, C., Parrett, N. and Fong, A. 1990. The effects of individual and combined feeding of high monosodium phosphate and alpha tocopherl of supplemented milk replacer diets and an alternative protein diet on muscle cofor, composition and chofester of content of veal. Journal of Animal Science. 68:117-127.
  3. Akbarinejad, V., Niasari-Naslaji, A., Mahmoudzadeh, H. and Mohajer, M. 2012. Effects of diets enriched in different sources of fatty acids on reproductive performance of Zel sheep. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, Shiraz University. 13:4-41. (In Persian).
  4. Amini, J., Danesh Mesgaran, M., Vakili, S.A. and Heravi Mosavi, A. 2016. Antioxidant activity of linseed products: effects on metabolism and immune responses using in vitro and in vivo model systems. 7th Iranian Congress of Animal Sciences.
  5. Anil, E. 2007. The impact of EPA and DHA on blood lipids and lipoprotein metabolism: Influence of apoe genotype. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 66:60-68.
  6. Association of Official Analytical, 1999. Official Methods of Analysis. AOAC. Washington, D.C.
  7. Baldwin, V.I.R.L., McLeod, K.R., Klotz, J.L. and Heitmann, R.N. 2004. Rumen development, intestinal growth and hepatic metabolism in the pre- and post weaning ruminant. Journal of Dairy Science. 87:55–65.
  8. Bednarek, D., Kondracki, M. and Cakała, S. 1996. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on white cells, serum concentration of several minerals and trace elements as well as immunofogic  parameters  in  DTW.  Deutsche  tierärztliche  Wochenschrift. 103:457.
  9. Blum, J.W., Kunz, P., Leuen, H., Berger, K., Gautschi, and Keller, M. 1983. Thyroid hormonnes, blood plasma metabolites and hematological parameters in relationship to milk yield dairy cows. Animal Production. 36:93-101.
  10. Bork, N.R., Schroeder, J.W., Lardy, G.P., Vonnahme, K.A., Bauer, M.l., Buchanan, D.S., Shaver, R.D. and Frink, P.M. 2014. Effect of feeding rolled flaxseed on milk fatty acid profile and reproductive performance of dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science. 88:3739-3748.
  11. Byers, F.M. and Schelling, G.T. 1988. Lipids in ruminant nutrition. In: D.C. Church (ED) The Ruminant Animal: Journal of Digestive Physiology and Nutrition. 298-310.
  12. Calder, P.C. 2001. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and immunity. Lipids. 36:1007-1024.
  13. Caroprese, M., Albenzio, M., Bruno, A., Annicchiarico, G., Marino, R. and Sevi, A. 2012. Effects of shade and flaxseed supplementation on the welfare of lactating ewes under high ambient temperatures. Small Ruminant Research. 102:177-185.
  14. Caroprese, M., Marzano, A., Entrican, G., Wattegedera, S., Albenzio, M. and Sevi, A. 2009. Immune response of cows fed polyunsaturated fatty acids under high ambient temperatures. Journal of Dairy Science. 92:2796-2803.
  15. Chew, B.P. 1996. Importance of antioxidant vitamins in immunity and health in animals. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 59: 103-114.
  16. Côrtes, C., Da Silva-Kazama, D.C., Kazama, R., Gagnon, N., Benchaar, C., Santos, G.T.D., Zeoula, L.M. and Petit, H.V. 2010. Milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, digestion, and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows fed whole flaxseed and calcium salts of flaxseed oil. Journal of Dairy Science. 93: 3146-3157.
  17. Da Silva, D.C., Santos, G.T., Branco, A.F., Damasceno, J.C., Kazama, R., Matsushita, M., Horst, A., Dos Santos, W.B.R. and Petit. H.V. 2007. Production Performance and Milk Composition of Dairy Cows Fed Whole or Ground Flaxseed with or Without Monensin. Journal of Dairy Science. 90:2928-2936.
  18. DePassillé, A.M.B. and Rushen, J. 2006. Calve’s behaviour during nursing is affected by feeding motivation and milk availability. Applied Animal Behavier  101:264-275.
  19. Dirandeh, E., Towhidi, A., Ansari Pirsaraei, Z., Zeinoaldini, S. and Ganjkhanlou, M. 2016. Effect of dietary supplementation with different polyunsaturated fatty acid on expression of genes related to somatotropic axis function in the liver, selected blood indicators, milk yield and milk fatty acids profile in dairy cows. Annals of Animal Science. 16:1045-1058
  20. Doreau, M. and Ferlay, A. 1995. Effect of dietary lipids on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen: A review. Livestock Production Science. 43:97–110.
  21. Drackley, J.K. 1999. ADSA Foundation Scholar Award. Biology of dairy cows during the transition period the final frontier. Journal of Dairy Science. 82:2259-2273.
  22. Geraeily, M. 2017. The effect of flaxseed oil on performance of dairy calves under heat stress conditions. M.Sc thesis. Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.Iran. Pp: (In Persian).
  23. Ghaffari, M. The effects of feeding processed Flaxseed on performance of Holstein calves. Msc thesis Department of Animal Science, Tehran University. (In Persian).
  24. Gonthier, C., Mustafa, A.F., Berthiaume, R., Petit, H.V., Martineau, R. and Ouellet, D.R. 2004. Effects of feeding micronized and extruded flaxseed on ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 87:1854-1863.
  25. Gonthier, C., Mustafa, A.F., Ouellet, D. R., Chouinard, P. Y., Ber- thiaume, R. and Petit, H. V. 2005. Feeding micronized and extruded flaxseed to dairy cows: Effects on blood parameters and milk fatty acid composition. Journal of  Dairy Science. 88:748–756.
  26. Hess, B.W., Moss, G.E. and Rule, D.C. 2008. A decade of developments in the area of fat supplementation research with beef cattle and sheep. Journal of Animal Science. 86:188-204.
  27. Hill, T.M., Bateman, H.G., Aldrich, J.M., Quigley, J.D. and Schlotterbeck, R.L. 2015. Inclusion of tallow and soybean oil to calf starters fed to dairy calves from birth to four months of age on calf performance and digestion. Journal of Dairy Science. 98:4882-4888.
  28. Hill, T.M., VandeHaar, M.J., Sordillo, L.M., Catherman, D.R., Bateman, H.G. and Schlotterbeck, R.L. 2011. Fatty acid intake alters growth and immunity in milk-fed calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 94:3936–3948.
  29. Iran Nejad, H., Parhizkar, and Eroki, H. 2010. Cultivation of Flaxseed, Medicinal-fiber. First Printing. Pyramid Publishing. Pp:311 (In Persian)
  30. Jasper, J. and Weary, D.M. 2002 .Effects of ad libitum milk intake on dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 85: 3054–3058.
  31. Kennelly, J.J. 1996. The fatty acid composition of milk fat as influenced by feeding oilseeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 60:137–152.
  32. Lacetera, N., Scalia, D., Franci, O., Bernabucci, U., Ronchi, B. and Nardone, A. 2004. Effects of nonesterified fatty acids on lymphocyte function in dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science. 87: 1012–1014.
  33. Lashkari, S., Azizi, A. and Jahani Azizabadi, H. 2017. The Effects of Different Flax Seed Processing Methods on Yield, Milk Fatty Acids Pattern and Nutrient Digestibility in Lactating Cows. Journal of Animal Production Research. 27(4):105-119. (In Persian).
  34. Lessard, M., Gagnon, N., Godson, D. and Petit, H. 2004. Influence of parturition and diets enriched in n-6 or n-3 polyunsaturated Fatty acids on immune response of dairy cows during the transition period. Journal of Dairy Science. 87: 2197-2210.
  35. Lessard, M., Gagnon, N. and Petit, H.V. 2003. Immune Response of Postpartum Dairy Cows Fed Flaxseed. Journal of Dairy Science. 86: 2647-2657.
  36. Lewis, G.S., Wulster-Radcliffe, M.C. and Herbein, J.H. 2008. Fatty acid profiles, growth, and immune responses of neonatal lambs fed milk replacer and supplemented with fish oil or safflower oil. Small Ruminant R 79:167-173.
  37. Mohammadi, M., Babaei, M. and Zare Shahneh. A. 2015. Effect of using extruded linseedon colostrum production, composition, some blood parameters and overall health in Holstein dairy cows. Advanced Applied Science and Research. 6: 29-34.
  38. Mustafa, A.F., McKinnon, J.J., Christensen, D.A. and He, T. 2002. Effects of micronization of flaxseed on nutrient disappearance in the gastrointestinal tract of steers. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 95: 123-
  39. Naseriyan, A.A., Elmi, H., Tahmasebi, A.M. and Farzaneh, N. 2017. Effect of flaxseed and rapeseed on digestibility and some blood parameters of Kurdish ewes during late pregnancy period. Journal of Animal Science (Research and Construction). 115:167-178. (In Persian).
  40. National Research council. 1973. Committee on Animal Nutrition; Center for Tropical Agriculture, University of Florida; and. Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Effect of processing on the nutritional value of feeds. Proceedings of a Symposium, Gainesville, Florida, January 11-13, 1972. Washington, D.C., National Academy of Sciences, 491 p.
  41. Nounech, G.N., Overton, T.R., Bateman, H.G. and Drackley, J.K. 2003. Peripartal metabolism and  production  of  Holstein  cows  fed  diets  supplemented  with fat  during the dry period. Journal of  Dairy Science. 87: 4210-4220.
  42. Nudda, A., Correddu, F., Marzano, A., Battacone, G., Nicolussi, P., Bonelli, P. and Pulina, G. 2015. Effects of diets containing grape seed, linseed, or both on milk production traits, liver and kidney activities, and immunity of lactating dairy ewes. Journal of Dairy Science. 98 :1157–1166.
  43. Nugent, A.P., Roche, H.M., Noone, E.J.,  Long, A., Kelleher, D.K. and Gibney, M.J. 2005. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on immune function in healthy volunteers. European  Journal of  Clinical Nutrition. 59: 742-750.
  44. Pappritz, J., Meyer, U., Kramer, R., Weber, E.M., Jahreis, G., Rehage, J., Flachowsky, G. and Dänicke, S. 2011. Effects of long-term upplementation of dairy cow diets with rumen-protected conjugated linoleicacids (CLA) on performance, metabolic parameters and fatty acid profile in milk fat. Journal of Animal Nutrition Science. 65: 89-107.
  45. Pashaei, S., Ghoorchi, T. and Yamchi, A. 2014. The effect of dietary sources of unsaturated fatty acids in diets containing different levels of energy and protein on growth performance and blood parameters of lambs. Journal of Research in Ruminants. 2:103-121. (In Persian).
  46. Pérez-Jiménez, J., Arranz, S., Tabernero, M., Díaz-Rubio, E., Serrano, J., Goñi, I. and Saura-Calixto. F. 2008. Updated methodology to determine antioxidant capacity in plant foods, oils and beverages: Extraction, measurement and expression of results. Food Research International. 41:274-285.
  47. Petit, H.V. 2002. Digestion, milk production, milk composition, and blood composition of dairy cows fed whole flaxseed. Journal of Dairy Science. 85:1482-1490.
  48. Petit, H.V. 2003. Digestion, milk production, milk composition, and blood composition of dairy cows fed formaldehyde- teated flaxseed or sunflower seed. Journal of Dairy Science. 86:2637-2646.
  49. Petit, H.V., Germiquet, C. and Lebel, D. 2004. Effect of feeding whole, unproceseed sunflower seeds and flaxseed on milk production, milk composition, and prostaglandin secretion in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 87:591-600.
  50. Rajabi, Y., Chashni Dell, Y. and Dirande, A. 2016. The effect of feeding different sources of fat during the transition period on milk production and composition and blood parameters of Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Animal Production Research, University of Gilan. 9:92-100. (In Persian).
  51. Ramezani, M. 2018. The Effect of Extruded Flaxseed and Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Performance, Blood Metabolites and Immune Response in milk-fed calves. . Msc thesis University of Mohaghegh Ardabili.
  52. Raphael, W, and Sordillo, L.M. 2013. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation the role of phospholipid biosynthesis. International journal of molecular sciences. 14:21167-21188.
  53. Reddy, P.V., Morrill, J., Minocha, H., Morrill, M., Dayton, A. and Lrey, 1986. Effect of Supplemental Vitamin E on the Immune System of Calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 69:164-171.
  54. Sabahi, N., and Vafadar, M.R. 2009. Principles of New Technology of Livestock, Poultry and Aquaculture Food Industries. Sepehr Publishing Center. (In Persian).
  55. Safamehr, A. 2004. Breeding calves (translation). First Edition, Haghshenas Publications.Pp:
  56. Schneider, P.L., Bede, D.K., Wilcox, C.J. 1988. Nycterohemeral patterns of acid-base status, mineral concentrations and digestive function of lactating cows in natural or chamber heat stress environments. Journal of Animal Science. 66:112-125.
  57. Schroeder, J.W., Bauer, M.L. and Bork, N.R. 2014. Effect of flaxseed physical form on digestibility of lactation diets fed to Holstein steers. Journal of Dairy Science. 97:5718-5728.
  58. Shalaby, A.M., Khattab, Y.A. and AbdelRahman, A.M. 2006. Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) and chloramphenicol on growth performance, physiological parameters and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases. 12:172-201.
  59. Sharma, S.D., Meeran, S.M. and Katiyar, S.K. 2007. Dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit UVB-induced oxidative stress and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-κB signaling in in vivo SKH-1 hairless mice. Molecular cancer therapeutics. 6:995-1005.
  60. Soberon, F., Raffrenato, E., Everett, R.W. and Van Amburgh, M.E. 2012. Preweaning milk replacer intake and effects on long-term productivity of dairy Journal of Dairy Science. 95:783–793
  61. Spolare, P., Joannis-Cassan, C. and Duran, E. 2005. Commercial applications of microalgae. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 101:87-96.
  62. Van keulen, J.V. and Young, B.A. 1977. Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestility studies. Journal of Animal Science .Pp:
  63. Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. 1999. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:3583– 3597.
  64. Voljc, M., Frankic, , Levart, A., Nemec, M. and Salobir, J. 2011. Evaluation of differentvitamin E recommendations and bioactivity of α-tocopherol isomers in broiler nutritionby measuring oxidative stress in vivo and the oxidative stability of meat. Journal of Poultry Science. 90:1478-1488.
  65. Ward, A.T., Wittenberg, K.M. and Przybylski, R. 2002. Bovine milk fatty acid profiles produced by feeding diets containiding solin, flax and canola. Journal of Dairy Science. 85:1191-1196.
  66. William, W., Thatcher, W.W. and Staples, C.R. 2000. Effects of dietary fat supplementation on reproduction in lactating dairy cows. Advances in Dairy Technology. 12:213.
  67. Worden, L.C., Erickson, M.G., Gramer, S., Tap, C., Ylioja, C., Trottier, N. and Karcher, E. L. 2017. Decreasing the dietary ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids increases the omega-3 concentration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in weaned Holstein heifer calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 101:1227-1233.