Effects of chromium-methionine on growth performance, blood parameters and health of Holstein suckling calves under heat stress

Authors

1 university of mohaghegh ardebili

2 Department of Animal Science Research, Ardebil Province Research and Training Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources (Moghan), Agricultural Research

3 Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

4 universty of zabol

Abstract

Background and objective: Chromium (Cr) plays an important role in ruminant’s metabolism. Situations such as accelerating growth, stress and low bioavailability of Cr in feedstuffs, result in depletion of chromium stores of body, therefore, metabolic disorders and growth retardation occurs. Chromium is an essential element for animals and humans It functions as cofactor for insulin and it is assumed to be essential for activation of certain enzymes and stabilization of proteins and nucleic acids Therefore, impaired carbohydrate and protein metabolism, decreased insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues and thereby decreased weight gain would be expected in Cr-deficient individuals especially under stressful conditions. Chromium improves health by reducing free radicals and also stimulates the immune system and makes the body more resistant to diseases during stress by lowering blood cortisol levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the Effects of chromium-methionine on growth performance, blood parameters and health of Holstein suckling calves under heat stress.
Material and methods: For this experiment, 30 newly-born Holstein calves (average age 1-8 days), average weight 39±1 kg) were used in a completely randomized arrangement with 2 treatments and 15 replications. The experimental treatments were: 1) Basal diet without any additive (control), 2) Basal diet with 0.05mg of chromium-methionine. Daily feed intake were recorded daily and body weight were recorded at birth days, 30, 60 and 65 breeding periods and feed conversion ratio was calculated for each group. The average maximum temperature–humidity index was 91.2 U, indicating severe environmental heat load.
Results: The results showed that the use of chromium methionine supplementation in calves under heat stress had not a significant effect on feed intake, final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio and skeletal growth during the first, second and entire breeding months. The blood concentration of glutathione peroxidase was affected by chromium methionine supplementation, while the blood concentration of glutathione in calves receiving chromium supplementation was 57.78 versus 47.19 u/g (P <0.04). Respiration rate, breaths/min and heart rate in calves receiving chromium were low, so that numerically the number of breaths and heart rate in chromium-methionine-supplemented calves was 50.50 versus 54.40 per minute and 10 / 98 were in front of 10/50 times. Rectal temperature and fecal score were not affected by chromium intake in calves.
Conclusion: Results of this experiments showed that the use of chromium methionine in suckling calves improved glutathione peroxidase concentration, fecal score and rectal temperature but had no effect on growth performance and skeletal size

Keywords


  1. Al-saiady, M.Y., Al-shaikh, M.A., Al-mufarrej, S.I., Al-showeimi, T.A., Mogawer, H.H. and Dirrar, A. 2004. Effect of chelated chromium supplementation on lactation

performance and blood parameters of Holstein cows under heat stress. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology. 117: 223-233.

  1. Anderson, R.A. 1998. Effects of chromium on body composition and weight loss. Nutritin Reviewes. 56: 266-270.
  2. Atrian, P. and Shahryar, H.A. 2012. Heat stress in dairy cows (a review). Research in Zoology 2(4): 31-37.
  3. Baccari, F., Johnson, H.D. and LeRoy-Hahn, G. 1983. Environmental heat effects on growth, plasma T3, and post-heat compensatory effects on Holstein calves. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 173: 312–
  4. Besong, S., Jackson, J., Trammell, D. and Akay, V. 2001. Influence of supplemental chromium on concentrations of liver triglyceride blood metabolites and rumen VFA profile in steers fed a moderately high fat diet1. Journal of Dairy Science. 84(7): 1679-1685.
  5. Broucek, J., Kisac, P., Uhrincat, M., Hanus, A. and Benc, F. 2008. Effect of high temperature on growth performance of calves maintained in outdoor hutches. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology. 17: 139–
  6. Bunting, L., Fernandez, J., Thompson, D. and Southern, L. 1994. Influence of chromium picolinate on glucose usage and metabolic criteria in growing Holstein calves. Journal of Animal Science. 72(6): 1591-1599.
  7. Chen, G., Liu, P., Pattar, G. R., Tackett, L., Bhonagiri, P., Strawbridge, A.B. and Elmendorf J.S. 2006. Chromium activates glucose transporter 4 trafficking and enhances insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a cholesterol-dependent mechanism. Molecular Endocrinology. 20(4): 857-870.
  8. Coleman, D., Moss, B. and McCaskey, T. 1996. Supplemental shade for dairy calves reared in commercial calf hutches in a Southern Climate1. Journal of Dairy Science 79(11): 2038-2043.
  9. Dallago, B.S.L., Mcmanus, C.M., Caldeira, D.F., Lopes, A.C., Paim, T.P., Franco, E., Borges, B.O., Teles, P.H.F., Correa, P.S. and Louvandini, H. 2011. Performance and ruminal protozoa in lambs with chromium supplementation. Research of Veterinary Science. 90: 253-256.
  10. Depew, C., Bunting, L., Fernandez, J., Thompson, D. and Adkinson, R. 1998. Performance and Metabolic Responses of Young Dairy Calves Fed Diets Supplemented with Chromium Tripicolinate1. Journal of Dairy Science. 81(11): 2916-2923.
  11. Dikeman, M.E. 2007. Effects of metabolic modifiers on carcass traits and meat quality. Journal of Meat Science. 77: 121-135.
  12. Ding, J., Zhou, Z.M., Ren, L.P. and Meng, Q.X. 2008. Effect of monensin and live yeast supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and ruminal fermentation parameters in lambs fed steam-flaked corn-based diets. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 21: 547-554.
  13. Domínguez-Vara, I.A., González-Muñoz, S.S., Pinos-Rodríguez, J.M., Bórquez-Gastelum, L., Bárcena-Gama, R., Mendoza-Martínez, G., Zapata, L.E. and Landois-Palencia, L.L. 2009. Effect of feeding selenium-yeast and chromium-yeast to finishing lambs on growth, carcass characteristics, and blood hormones and metabolites. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology. 152: 42 49.
  14. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies. Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for chromium. EFSA J. 12: 3845.
  15. Esfandiyari pour, M., Souri, M. and Moieni, M.M. 2016. The Effect of Dietary Organic and Nano Chromium Supplementation on Immune Responses and Some Blood Parameters in Sanjabi Lambs. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Razi.
  16. Ghorbani, A., Sadri, H., Alizadeh, A.R. and Bruckmaier, R.M. 2012. Performance and metabolic responses of Holstein calves to supplemental chromium in colostrum and milk. Journal of Dairy Science. 95: 5760-
  17. Habibi, Z., Karimi-Dehkordi, S., Kargar, S. and Sadeghi, M. 2019. Grain source and chromium supplementation: Effects on health, metabolic status, and glucose-insulin kinetics in Holstein heifer calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 102.
  18. Hulbert, L.E. and Moisá, S.J. 2016. Stress, immunity, and the management of calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 99: 3199–
  19. Jin, D., Kang, K., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Xue, B., Wang, L., Xu, F. and Peng, Q. 2017. Effects of dietary supplementation of active dried yeast on fecal methanogenic archaea diversity in dairy Anaerobe. 44: 78-86.
  20. Kargar, S., Ghorbani, G.R., Fievez, V. and Schingoethe, D.J. 2015. Performance, bioenergetic status, and indicators of oxidative stress of environmentally heat-loaded Holstein cows in response to diets inducing milk fat depression. Journal of Dairy Science. 98: 4772-
  21. Kargar, S., Mousavi, F. and Karimi-Dehkordi, S. 2018b. Effects of chromium supplementation on weight gain, feeding behaviour, health and metabolic criteria of environmentally heat-loaded Holstein dairy calves from birth to weaning. Archives of Animal Nutrition. 72: 443-457.
  22. Kargar, S., Mousavi, F., Karimi-Dehkordi, S. and Ghaffari, M.H. 2018a. Growth performance, feeding behavior, health status, and blood metabolites of environmentally heat-loaded Holstein dairy calves fed diets supplemented with chromium. Journal of Dairy Science. 101(Accepted).
  23. Kegley, E. and Spears, J. 1995. Immune response glucose metabolism and performance of stressed feeder calves fed inorganic or organic chromium. Journal of Animal Science. 73(9): 2721-2726.
  24. Kegley, E., Galloway, D. and Fakler, T. 2000 .Effect of dietary chromium-l-methionine on glucose metabolism of beef steers. Journal of Animal Science. 78(12): 3177-3183.
  25. Kegley, E.B., Spears, J.W. and Brown, T.T. 1997. Immune response and disease resistance of calves fed chromium nico-tinic acid complex or chromium chloride. Journal of Animal Science. 75: 1956-1964.
  26. Kitchalong, L., Fernandez, J.M., Bunting, L.D., Southern, L.L. and Bidner, T.D. 1995. Influence of chromium tripicolinate on glucose metabolism and nutrient partitioning in growing lambs. Journal of Animal Science. 73: 2694-2705.
  27. Kraidees, M.S., Al-Haidary, I.A., Mufarrej, S.I., Al-Saiady, M.Y., Metwally, H.M. and Hussein, M.F. 2009. Effect of supplemental chromium levels on performance, digestibility and carcass characteristics of transport-stressed lambs. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 22: 1124-1132.
  28. Kumar, M., Kaur, H., Sarma-Deka, R., Mani, V., Kumar-Tyagi, and Chandra, G. 2015. Dietary inorganic chromium in summer exposed buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis): Effects on biomarkers of heat stress, immune status and endocrine variables. Biological Trace Element Research. 167: 18–27.
  29. Larson, L.L., Owens, F.G., Albright, J.L., Appleman, R.D., Lamb, R.C. and Muller, L.D. 1977. Guidelines towards more uniformity in measuring and reporting calf experimental data. Journal of Dairy Science. 60: 989–991.
  30. Mirzaei, M., Ghorbani, G., Khorvash, M., Rahmani, H. and Nikkhah, A. 2011. Chromium improves production and alters metabolism of early lactation cows in summer. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 95(1): 81-89.
  31. Moonsie-Shageer, S. and Mowat, D.N. 1993. Effect of level of supplemental chromium on performance, serum constituents, and immune status of stressed feeder calves. Journal of Animal Science. 71: 232-238.
  32. Mousaie, A., Valizadeh, R. and Chamsaz, M. 2017. Selenium-methionine and chromium-methionine supplementation of sheep around parturition: impacts on dam and offspring performance. Journal of Archives of Animal Nutrition. 71: 134-149.
  33. Mousaie, A., Valizadeh, R., Naserian, A.A., Heidarpour, M. and Kazemi Mehrjerdi, H. 2014. Impacts of feeding selenium-methionine and chromium-methionine on performance, serum components, antioxidant status and physiological responses to transportation stress of Baluchi ewe lambs. Journal of Biological Trace Element Research. 162: 113-123.
  34. Mousavi, F., Karimi-Dehkordi, S., Kargar, S. and Ghaffari, M. H. 2019a. Effect of chromium supplementation on growth performance, meal pattern, metabolic and antioxidant status and insulin sensitivity of summer-exposed weaned dairy calves. Animal. 13: 968–974.
  35. Mowat, D., Chang, X. and Yang, W. 1993. Chelated chromium for stressed feeder calves. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 73(1): 49-55.
  36. Nejad, J.G., Lee, B.H., Kim, B.W., Ohh, S.J. and Sung, K.I. 2016. Effects of chromium methionine supplementation on blood metabolites and fatty acid profile of beef during late fattening period in steers. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 29: 378-383.
  37. 2005. Mineral Tolerance of Animals. National Academies Press, Washington, DC. USA. 183 Pp.
  38. Pazoki, A., Ghorbani, GR., Kargar, S., Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi, A., Drackley, J.K. and Ghaffari, M.H. 2017. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and rumen development of calves during transition from liquid to solid feed: effects of physical form of starter feed and forage provision. Journal of Animal Feed Science Technology. 234: 173-
  39. Pechova, A., Illek, M. and Sindelar, L., Pavlata. 2002. Effects of chromium supplementation on growth rate and metabolism in fattening bulls. Acta Veterinaria Brno. 71: 535-541.
  40. Puertollano, M.A., Puertollano, E., De Cienfuegos, GA. and De Pablo, MA. 2011. Dietary antioxidants: immunity and host defense. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 11: 1752–1766.
  41. Qi, Z., Gao, J., Zhao, C., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, X. and Li, H. 2018b. PSXVII-30 Effects of dietary supplementation of yeast chromium and dihydropyridine on serum biochemical indices and HSP70 mRNA expression of lactating dairy cows in summer. Journal of Animal
    96: 448-449.
  42. Schermaier, A.J., O'Connor, L.H. and Pearson, K.H. 1985. Semi-automated determination of chromium in whole blood and serum by Zeeman electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Clinica Chimica Acta. 152(1-2): 123-134.
  43. Soltan, M. A. 2010. Effect of dietary chromium supplementation on productive and reproductive performance of early lactating dairy cows under heat stress.Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 94: 264-272.
  44. Sung, K.-I., Nejad, J.G., Hong, S.-M., Ohh, S.-J., Lee, B.-H., Peng, J.-L., Ja, D-H. and Kim, B.-W. 2015. Effects of forage level and chromium-methionine chelate supplementation on performance carcass characteristics and blood metabolites in Korean native (Hanwoo) steers. Journal of Animal Science and Technology. 57(1): 14.
  45. Tao, S. and Dahl, G.E. 2013. Invited review: heat stress effects during late gestation on dry cows and their calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 96: 4079–
  46. Uyanik, F. 2001. The effects of dietary chromium supplementation on some blood parameters in sheep. Journal of Biological Trace Element Research. 84: 93-101.
  47. Vincent, J.B. 2007. The nutritional biochemistry of chromium (iii). Elsevier, Amesterdam, 293Pp.
  48. Vincent, J.B. 2015. Is the pharmacological mode of action of chromium (III) as a second Biological Trace Element Research. 166: 7-12.
  49. Weiss, W.P. and Spears, J.W. 2005. Vitamin and trace mineral effects on immune function of ruminants. In 10th International Symp. On Ruminant Physiology. Wageningen, Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  50. Yari, M., Nikkhah, A., Alikhani, M., Khorvash, M., Rahmani, H. and Ghorbani, G. 2010. Physiological calf responses to increased chromium supply in summer. Journal of Dairy Science. 93(9): 4111-4120.